Robotic system for top to bottom MRgFUS therapy of multiple cancer types

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia Antoniou ◽  
Marinos Giannakou ◽  
Nikolas Evripidou ◽  
Stylianos Stratis ◽  
Samuel Pichardo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Robotic System ◽  
Multiple Cancer ◽  
Cancer Types

Anticancer Immunotoxins, Challenges, and Approaches

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Dashtiahangar ◽  
Leila Rahbarnia ◽  
Safar Farajnia ◽  
Arash Salmaninejad ◽  
Arezoo Gowhari Shabgah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Antibody Fragment ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Multiple Cancer ◽  
Main Obstacle ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Recombinant Immunotoxins ◽  
Cancerous Cells ◽  
High Immunogenicity ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

: The development of recombinant immunotoxins (RITs) as a novel therapeutic strategy has made a revolution in the treatment of cancer. RITs are resulting from the fusion of antibodies to toxin proteins for targeting and eliminating cancerous cells by inhibiting protein synthesis. Despite indisputable outcomes of RITs regarding inhibiting multiple cancer types, high immunogenicity has been known as the main obstacle in the clinical use of RITs. Various strategies have been proposed to overcome these limitations, including immunosuppressive therapy, humanization of the antibody fragment moiety, generation of immunotoxins originated from endogenous human cytotoxic enzymes, and modification of the toxin moiety to escape the immune system. This paper devoted to reviewing recent advances in the design of immunotoxins with lower immunogenicity.

scholarly journals Landscape of Chimeric RNAs in Non-Cancerous Cells

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 466
Author(s):  
Chen Chen ◽  
Samuel Haddox ◽  
Yue Tang ◽  
Fujun Qin ◽  
Hui Li
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Neoplastic Cell ◽  
Multiple Cancer ◽  
Chimeric Rnas ◽  
Healthy Donors ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Chimeric Rna ◽  
Cancerous Cells

Gene fusions and their products (RNA and protein) have been traditionally recognized as unique features of cancer cells and are used as ideal biomarkers and drug targets for multiple cancer types. However, recent studies have demonstrated that chimeric RNAs generated by intergenic alternative splicing can also be found in normal cells and tissues. In this study, we aim to identify chimeric RNAs in different non-neoplastic cell lines and investigate the landscape and expression of these novel candidate chimeric RNAs. To do so, we used HEK-293T, HUVEC, and LO2 cell lines as models, performed paired-end RNA sequencing, and conducted analyses for chimeric RNA profiles. Several filtering criteria were applied, and the landscape of chimeric RNAs was characterized at multiple levels and from various angles. Further, we experimentally validated 17 chimeric RNAs from different classifications. Finally, we examined a number of validated chimeric RNAs in different cancer and non-cancer cells, including blood from healthy donors, and demonstrated their ubiquitous expression pattern.

Characterizing the Heterogeneity of Small Extracellular Vesicle Populations in Multiple Cancer Types via an Ultrasensitive Chip

ACS Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Wang ◽  
Alain Wuethrich ◽  
Richard J. Lobb ◽  
Fiach Antaw ◽  
Abu Ali Ibn Sina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Multiple Cancer ◽  
Cancer Types

scholarly journals Development of Group B Coxsackievirus as an Oncolytic Virus: Opportunities and Challenges

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1082
Author(s):  
Huitao Liu ◽  
Honglin Luo
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Oncolytic Viruses ◽  
Human Enterovirus ◽  
Multiple Cancer ◽  
The Family ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Group B ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Genus Enterovirus

Oncolytic viruses have emerged as a promising strategy for cancer therapy due to their dual ability to selectively infect and lyse tumor cells and to induce systemic anti-tumor immunity. Among various candidate viruses, coxsackievirus group B (CVBs) have attracted increasing attention in recent years. CVBs are a group of small, non-enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses, belonging to species human Enterovirus B in the genus Enterovirus of the family Picornaviridae. Preclinical studies have demonstrated potent anti-tumor activities for CVBs, particularly type 3, against multiple cancer types, including lung, breast, and colorectal cancer. Various approaches have been proposed or applied to enhance the safety and specificity of CVBs towards tumor cells and to further increase their anti-tumor efficacy. This review summarizes current knowledge and strategies for developing CVBs as oncolytic viruses for cancer virotherapy. The challenges arising from these studies and future prospects are also discussed in this review.

scholarly journals The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in the Development of a Cancer Stem Cell Microenvironment Niche and Potential Therapeutic Targets

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2435
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Brown ◽  
Victoria James
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Multiple Cancer ◽  
Therapeutic Targeting ◽  
Small Component ◽  
Facilitated Communication ◽  
Cell Microenvironment ◽  
Cancer Types

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have increasingly been shown to be a crucial element of heterogenous tumors. Although a relatively small component of the population, they increase the resistance to treatment and the likelihood of recurrence. In recent years, it has been shown, across multiple cancer types (e.g., colorectal, breast and prostate), that reciprocal communication between cancer and the microenvironment exists, which is, in part, facilitated by extracellular vesicles (EVs). However, the mechanisms of this method of communication and its influence on CSC populations is less well-understood. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review is to determine the evidence that supports the role of EVs in the manipulation of the tumor microenvironment to promote the survival of CSCs. Embase and PubMed were used to identify all studies on the topic, which were screened using PRISMA guidelines, resulting in the inclusion of 16 studies. These 16 studies reported on the EV content, pathways altered by EVs and therapeutic targeting of CSC through EV-mediated changes to the microenvironment. In conclusion, these studies demonstrated the role of EV-facilitated communication in maintaining CSCs via manipulation of the tumor microenvironment, demonstrating the potential of creating therapeutics to target CSCs. However, further works are needed to fully understand the targetable mechanisms upon which future therapeutics can be based.

scholarly journals The Pathogenic Role of PI3K/AKT Pathway in Cancer Onset and Drug Resistance: An Updated Review

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 3949
Author(s):  
Federica Rascio ◽  
Federica Spadaccino ◽  
Maria Teresa Rocchetti ◽  
Giuseppe Castellano ◽  
Giovanni Stallone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Akt Pathway ◽  
Invasion And Metastasis ◽  
Pathogenic Role ◽  
Multiple Cancer ◽  
Downstream Target ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Survival Mechanisms

The PI3K/AKT pathway is one of the most frequently over-activated intracellular pathways in several human cancers. This pathway, acting on different downstream target proteins, contributes to the carcinogenesis, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of tumour cells. A multi-level impairment, involving mutation and genetic alteration, aberrant regulation of miRNAs sequences, and abnormal phosphorylation of cascade factors, has been found in multiple cancer types. The deregulation of this pathway counteracts common therapeutic strategies and contributes to multidrug resistance. In this review, we underline the involvement of this pathway in patho-physiological cell survival mechanisms, emphasizing its key role in the development of drug resistance. We also provide an overview of the potential inhibition strategies currently available.

scholarly journals TEM8/ANTXR1 Blockade Inhibits Pathological Angiogenesis and Potentiates Tumoricidal Responses against Multiple Cancer Types

Cancer Cell ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Chaudhary ◽  
Mary Beth Hilton ◽  
Steven Seaman ◽  
Diana C. Haines ◽  
Susan Stevenson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Cancer ◽  
Pathological Angiogenesis ◽  
Cancer Types

scholarly journals Multi-omic data helps improve prediction of personalised tumor suppressors and oncogenes

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malvika Sudhakar ◽  
Raghunathan Rengaswamy ◽  
Karthik Raman
Keyword(s):  
Tumour Progression ◽  
Suppressor Gene ◽  
Tumour Suppressor Gene ◽  
Driver Mutations ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Expression Data ◽  
Multiple Cancer ◽  
Driver Genes ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Omic Data

The progression of tumorigenesis starts with a few mutational and structural driver events in the cell. Various cohort-based computational tools exist to identify driver genes but require a large number of samples to produce reliable results. Many studies use different methods to identify driver mutations/genes from mutations that have no impact on tumour progression; however, a small fraction of patients show no mutational events in any known driver genes. Current unsupervised methods map somatic and expression data onto a network to identify the perturbation in the network. Our method is the first machine learning model to classify genes as tumour suppressor gene (TSG), oncogene (OG) or neutral, thus assigning the functional impact of the gene in the patient. In this study, we develop a multi-omic approach, PIVOT (Personalised Identification of driVer OGs and TSGs), to train on experimentally or computationally validated mutational and structural driver events. Given the lack of any gold standards for the identification of personalised driver genes, we label the data using four strategies and, based on classification metrics, show gene-based labelling strategies perform best. We build different models using SNV, RNA, and multi-omic features to be used based on the data available. Our models trained on multi-omic data improved predictions compared to mutation and expression data, achieving an accuracy >0.99 for BRCA, LUAD and COAD datasets. We show network and expression-based features contribute the most to PIVOT. Our predictions on BRCA, COAD and LUAD cancer types reveal commonly altered genes such as TP53, and PIK3CA, which are predicted drivers for multiple cancer types. Along with known driver genes, our models also identify new driver genes such as PRKCA, SOX9 and PSMD4. Our multi-omic model labels both CNV and mutations with a more considerable contribution by CNV alterations. While predicting labels for genes mutated in multiple samples, we also label rare driver events occurring in as few as one sample. We also identify genes with dual roles within the same cancer type. Overall, PIVOT labels personalised driver genes as TSGs and OGs and also identifies rare driver genes. PIVOT is available at https://github.com/RamanLab/PIVOT.

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