Tumor Development and Cancer Therapy

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (S1) ◽  
pp. S38-S43
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Tumor Development

scholarly journals Molecular Determinants of Cancer Therapy Resistance to HDAC Inhibitor-Induced Autophagy

Cancers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Mrakovcic ◽  
Leopold F. Fröhlich
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Therapy Resistance ◽  
Histone Deacetylation ◽  
Apoptosis Resistance ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
Molecular Determinants

Histone deacetylation inhibitors (HDACi) offer high potential for future cancer therapy as they can re-establish the expression of epigenetically silenced cell death programs. HDACi-induced autophagy offers the possibility to counteract the frequently present apoptosis-resistance as well as stress conditions of cancer cells. Opposed to the function of apoptosis and necrosis however, autophagy activated in cancer cells can engage in a tumor-suppressive or tumor-promoting manner depending on mostly unclarified factors. As a physiological adaption to apoptosis resistance in early phases of tumorigenesis, autophagy seems to resume a tumorsuppressive role that confines tumor necrosis and inflammation or even induces cell death in malignant cells. During later stages of tumor development, chemotherapeutic drug-induced autophagy seems to be reprogrammed by the cancer cell to prevent its elimination and support tumor progression. Consistently, HDACi-mediated activation of autophagy seems to exert a protective function that prevents the induction of apoptotic or necrotic cell death in cancer cells. Thus, resistance to HDACi-induced cell death is often encountered in various types of cancer as well. The current review highlights the different mechanisms of HDACi-elicited autophagy and corresponding possible molecular determinants of therapeutic resistance in cancer.

p53 Links Tumor Development to Cancer Therapy

2005 ◽  
pp. 339-351
Author(s):  
Michael T. Hemann ◽  
Scott W. Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Tumor Development

scholarly journals Targeting the Redox Landscape in Cancer Therapy

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilip Narayanan ◽  
Sana Ma ◽  
Dennis Özcelik
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Ros Production ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Detoxifying Enzymes ◽  
Transport Chain ◽  
Hypoxic Tumor

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced predominantly by the mitochondrial electron transport chain and by NADPH oxidases in peroxisomes and in the endoplasmic reticulum. The antioxidative defense counters overproduction of ROS with detoxifying enzymes and molecular scavengers, for instance, superoxide dismutase and glutathione, in order to restore redox homeostasis. Mutations in the redox landscape can induce carcinogenesis, whereas increased ROS production can perpetuate cancer development. Moreover, cancer cells can increase production of antioxidants, leading to resistance against chemo- or radiotherapy. Research has been developing pharmaceuticals to target the redox landscape in cancer. For instance, inhibition of key players in the redox landscape aims to modulate ROS production in order to prevent tumor development or to sensitize cancer cells in radiotherapy. Besides the redox landscape of a single cell, alternative strategies take aim at the multi-cellular level. Extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes, are crucial for the development of the hypoxic tumor microenvironment, and hence are explored as target and as drug delivery systems in cancer therapy. This review summarizes the current pharmaceutical and experimental interventions of the cancer redox landscape.

scholarly journals Heterogeneous Myeloid Cells in Tumors

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 3772
Author(s):  
Aixia Dou ◽  
Jing Fang
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Clonal Evolution ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Myeloid Cells ◽  
Suppressor Cells ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Opposing Effects

Accumulating studies highlight a critical role of myeloid cells in cancer biology and therapy. The myeloid cells constitute the major components of tumor microenvironment (TME). The most studied tumor-associated myeloid cells (TAMCs) include monocytes, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), dendritic cells (DCs), cancer-related circulating neutrophils, tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). These heterogenous myeloid cells perform pro-tumor or anti-tumor function, exerting complex and even opposing effects on all stages of tumor development, such as malignant clonal evolution, growth, survival, invasiveness, dissemination and metastasis of tumor cells. TAMCs also reshape TME and tumor vasculature to favor tumor development. The main function of these myeloid cells is to modulate the behavior of lymphocytes, forming immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive TME cues. In addition, TAMCs play a critical role in modulating the response to cancer therapy. Targeting TAMCs is vigorously tested as monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy or immunotherapy. This review briefly introduces the TAMC subpopulations and their function in tumor cells, TME, angiogenesis, immunomodulation, and cancer therapy.

P53 Links Tumor Development to Cancer Therapy

2007 ◽  
pp. 339-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T. Hemann ◽  
Scott W. Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Tumor Development

scholarly journals Tumor Angiogenesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
Farah Fatmawati ◽  
Whendy Wijaksono
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Tumor Angiogenesis ◽  
Advanced Nsclc ◽  
Vasculogenic Mimicry ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Sprouting Angiogenesis ◽  
Clinical Benefits ◽  
Tumor Environment

Tumor angiogenesis, a process in which blood vessels penetrate and grow in a tumor environment, is needed for oxygen and nutrient supply and plays an important role in the survival of solid neoplasms. Angiogenesis does not only have a role in tumor development and metastasis, but also acts as marker of cancer itself (hallmark of cancer). Several mechanisms of angiogenesis include vasculogenesis, sprouting angiogenesis, intussusception microgrowth, and vasculogenic mimicry. Knowing these different mechanisms will be helpful in choosing the best agents or drugs for cancer therapy. The first anti-angiogenic drug used was bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody, directed against VEGF. Bevacizumab has significant clinical benefits in patients with advanced NSCLC.

Role of Drug-metabolizing Enzymes in Cancer and Cancer Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-76
Author(s):  
Siqi Feng ◽  
Anqi Li ◽  
Yi-Chao Zheng ◽  
Hong-Min Liu
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Epigenetic Modification ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Drug Efficacy ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Drug Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Expression And Activity

Background: Cancer is one of the most serious diseases threatening human health with high morbidity and mortality in the world. For the treatment of cancer, chemotherapy is one of the most widely used strategies, for almost all kinds of tumors and diverse stages of tumor development. The efficacy of chemotherapy not only depends on the activity of the drug administrated but also on whether the compound could reach the effective therapeutic concentration in tumor cells. Therefore, expression and activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) in tumor tissues and metabolic organs of cancer patients are important for the dispositional behavior of anticancer drugs as well as the clinical response of chemotherapy. Methods: This review summarizes the recent advancement of the DMEs expression and activity in various cancers, as well as the potential regulatory mechanisms of major DMEs in cancer and cancer therapy. Results: Compared to normal tissues, expression and activity of major DMEs are significantly dysregulated in patients by various factors including epigenetic modification, ligand-activated transcriptional regulation and signaling pathways. Additionally, DMEs play an important role in anticancer drug efficacy, chemoresistance as well as the activation of prodrugs. Conclusion: This review reinforces a more comprehensive understanding of DMEs in cancer and cancer therapy, and provides more opportunities for cancer therapy.

scholarly journals Reduction of fibrosis and immune suppressive cells in ErbB2-dependent tumorigenesis by an LXR agonist

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0248996
Author(s):  
Gao Sheng ◽  
Hongyan Yuan ◽  
Lu Jin ◽  
Suman Ranjit ◽  
Julia Panov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Tumor Progression ◽  
Immune Tolerance ◽  
Cancer Survival ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Suppressor Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Immune Tolerant

One of the central challenges for cancer therapy is the identification of factors in the tumor microenvironment that increase tumor progression and prevent immune surveillance. One such element associated with breast cancer is stromal fibrosis, a histopathologic criterion for invasive cancer and poor survival. Fibrosis is caused by inflammatory factors and remodeling of the extracellular matrix that elicit an immune tolerant microenvironment. To address the role of fibrosis in tumorigenesis, we developed NeuT/ATTAC transgenic mice expressing a constitutively active NeuT/erbB2 transgene, and an inducible, fat-directed caspase-8 fusion protein, which upon activation results in selective and partial ablation of mammary fat and its replacement with fibrotic tissue. Induction of fibrosis in NeuT/ATTAC mice led to more rapid tumor development and an inflammatory and fibrotic stromal environment. In an effort to explore therapeutic options that could reduce fibrosis and immune tolerance, mice were treated with the oxysterol liver X receptor (LXR) pan agonist, N,N-dimethyl-3-β-hydroxy-cholenamide (DMHCA), an agent known to reduce fibrosis in non-malignant diseases. DMHCA reduced tumor progression, tumor multiplicity and fibrosis, and improved immune surveillance by reducing infiltrating myeloid-derived suppressor cells and increasing CD4 and CD8 effector T cells. These effects were associated with downregulation of an LXR-dependent gene network related to reduced breast cancer survival that included Spp1, S100a9, Anxa1, Mfge8 and Cd14. These findings suggest that the use of DMHCA may be a potentially effective approach to reduce desmoplasia and immune tolerance and increase the efficacy of cancer therapy.

scholarly journals Medicinal Prospects of Antioxidants From Algal Sources in Cancer Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umme Tamanna Ferdous ◽  
Zetty Norhana Balia Yusof
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Treatment Effectiveness ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Antioxidant Supplementation ◽  
Chemotherapy Drugs ◽  
Response To Chemotherapy ◽  
Nutritional Benefits

Though cancer therapeutics can successfully eradicate cancerous cells, the effectiveness of these medications is mostly restricted to several deleterious side effects. Therefore, to alleviate these side effects, antioxidant supplementation is often warranted, reducing reactive species levels and mitigating persistent oxidative damage. Thus, it can impede the growth of cancer cells while protecting the normal cells simultaneously. Moreover, antioxidant supplementation alone or in combination with chemotherapeutics hinders further tumor development, prevents chemoresistance by improving the response to chemotherapy drugs, and enhances cancer patients’ quality of life by alleviating side effects. Preclinical and clinical studies have been revealed the efficacy of using phytochemical and dietary antioxidants from different sources in treating chemo and radiation therapy-induced toxicities and enhancing treatment effectiveness. In this context, algae, both micro and macro, can be considered as alternative natural sources of antioxidants. Algae possess antioxidants from diverse groups, which can be exploited in the pharmaceutical industry. Despite having nutritional benefits, investigation and utilization of algal antioxidants are still in their infancy. This review article summarizes the prospective anticancer effect of twenty-three antioxidants from microalgae and their potential mechanism of action in cancer cells, as well as usage in cancer therapy. In addition, antioxidants from seaweeds, especially from edible species, are outlined, as well.

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