Birth-Date Dependent Population Ethics: Critical-Level Principles

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Blackorby ◽  
Walter Bossert ◽  
David Donaldson
1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Blackorby ◽  
Walter Bossert ◽  
David J. Donaldson

Econometrica ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 1303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Blackorby ◽  
Walter Bossert ◽  
David Donaldson

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Blackorby ◽  
Walter Bossert ◽  
David Donaldson
Keyword(s):  

Author(s):  
John Broome

A common intuition suggests that it is less bad for an infant to die than for a young adult to die. This is puzzling because the infant has more life ahead of her than a young adult, so it seems she loses more when she dies. Jeff McMahan supports the common intuition and defends it by means of what he calls the “Time-Relative Interest Account” of the badness of death. I shall describe two possible interpretations of the Time-Relative Interest Account and raise a problem for each. Then I shall offer an alternative defense of the common intuition, which is an extension of the theory in population ethics known as “critical-level utilitarianism.”


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.B. Umar ◽  
A.H. Dankaka ◽  
M. Manjur Shah

The study is carried out to standardize larval indices namely House Index, Container Index and Breteau Index and also to identify the major breeding sources of mosquitoes in the residential environment in and around the Gwale Local government area of  Kano, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study by selecting 50 houses randomly from the 6 wards of Municipality was employed. Every water holding container indoors and outdoors were counted and searched for larval presence and noted on a pretested format. In this study, 300 houses were surveyed in 21 days out of which 94.33% (283 houses) were found to have potential sources for mosquito breeding. All the entomological indices were found to be above the critical level. House Index = 28.67%; Container Index = 12.14%; Breteau Index = 64.00% showing high chances for outbreaks of mosquito borne diseases. The area is prone to mosquito borne disease like malaria and therefore warrants interventions from the competent.


Author(s):  
MARCO ANTONIO FERREIRA GOMES ◽  
CLÁUDIO A. SPADOTTO ◽  
VERA LÚCIA LANCHOTTE

Pretendeu-se mostrar que o herbicida Tebuthiuron, selecionado entre outros usados na cultura de cana-de-açúcar, oferece risco de contaminação para a água subterrânea em função de suas características físico-químicas, principalmente, quando aplicado em áreas de recarga direta de aqüíferos consideradas de alta vulnerabilidade natural. Assim, efetuou-se monitoramento do referido herbicida no período compreendido entre 1995 e 1999, coletando amostras de água de poço semi-artesiano, com 53 metros de profundidade, localizado na microbacia do Córrego Espraiado, município de Ribeirão Preto/SP, Brasil, no qual tem sido freqüente o uso do produto em questão. Para efeito de testemunha da amostra de água foi considerado um poço semi-artesiano de profundidade semelhante, localizado cerca de três quilômetros de distância do poço objeto de monitoramento. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o Tebuthiuron está presente em todas as amostras analisadas, embora em concentrações abaixo do nível crítico para padrão de potabilidade, conforme os limites mais restritivos estabelecidos pela Organização Mundial de Saúde (para os pesticidas em uso é de 0,1 µg/L por pesticida e de 0,5 µg/L para pesticidas totais). Mesmo com os baixos valores de concentração encontrados fica evidente que o Tebuthiuron está atingindo a água subterrânea podendo aumentar sua concentração pela existência de condições ambientais favoráveis à preservação da molécula em profundidade (tais como baixa temperatura, baixa atividade biológica e ausência de luz). Caso o nível crítico seja atingido, o risco de contaminação poderia ser minimizado por meio da substituição do Tebuthiuron por outro herbicida com menor mobilidade no perfil do solo. OCCURRENCE OF THE HERBICIDE TEBUTHIURON IN GROUNDWATER OF ESPRAIADO CATCHMENT RIBEIRAO PRETO - SP (BRASIL) Abstract The herbicide Tebuthiuron, selected among others utilized in sugar-cane crop, shows groundwater contamination risk due to its physicochemical properties, mainly, when applied in direct recharge areas of aquifers considered of high natural vulnerability. In this context, the monitoring of this herbicide in the period of 1995 through 1999 was realized, by collecting water samples of aquifers 53 m depht, located in Espraiado catchment, Ribeirao Preto/SP (Brazil) in which the product has been extensively used. For blank assays it was utilized water samples collected similarly 3 Km away from the monitoring area. The results obtained showed that Tebuthiuron is present in all analyzed samples. Although in lower concentrations of the critical level for drinkable water, following the restrictive limits established by World Health Organization (for pesticides in use is 0,1 µg/L by pesticide and of 0,5 µg/L for total pesticides). Even if the low concentration values found it is evident that the Tebuthiuron affects the groundwater, and could enhance its concentration by favorable ambiental conditions for molecule preservation in deep water (such as low temperature, low biological activity and absence of light). The present scenary reflects contamination risk in case of reaching the critical level, which could only be minimized by the substitution of Thebuthiuron for other herbicide with lower soil mobility.


The propagation properties of linear wave motions in magnetic and/or velocity shears which vary in one coordinate z (say) are usually governed by a second order linear ordinary differential equation in the independent variable z. It is proved that associated with any such differential equation there always exists a quantity A which is independent of z. By employing A a measure of the intensity of the wave, this result is used to investigate the general propagation properties of hydromagnetic-gravity waves (e.g. critical level absorption, valve effects and wave amplification) in magnetic and/or velocity shears, using a full wave treatment. When variations in the basic state are included, the governing differential equation usually has more singularities than it has in the W.K.B.J. approximation, which neglects all variations in the background state. The study of a wide variety of models shows that critical level behaviour occurs only at the singularities predicted by the W.K.B.J. approximation. Although the solutions of the differential equation are necessarily singular at the irregularities whose presence is solely due to the inclusion of variations in the basic state, the intensity of the wave (as measured by A) is continuous there. Also the valve effect is found to persist whatever the relation between the wavelength of the wave and the scale of variations of the background state. In addition, it is shown that a hydromagnetic-gravity wave incident upon a finite magnetic and/or velocity shear can be amplified (or over-reflected) in the absence of any critical levels within the shear layer. In a Boussinesq fluid rotating uniformly about the vertical, wave amplification can occur if the horizontal vertically sheared flow and magnetic field are perpendicular. In a compressible isothermal fluid, on the other hand, wave amplification not only occurs in both magnetic-velocity and velocity shears but also in a magnetic shear acting alone.


2011 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Kravets ◽  
A. N. Mikheev ◽  
L. G. Ovsyannikova ◽  
D. M. Grodzinsky

2021 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian John Hurry ◽  
Alexander Mozeika ◽  
Alessia Annibale

AbstractDescribing the anti-tumour immune response as a series of cellular kinetic reactions from known immunological mechanisms, we create a mathematical model that shows the CD4$$^{+}$$ + /CD8$$^{+}$$ + T-cell ratio, T-cell infiltration and the expression of MHC-I to be interacting factors in tumour elimination. Methods from dynamical systems theory and non-equilibrium statistical mechanics are used to model the T-cell dependent anti-tumour immune response. Our model predicts a critical level of MHC-I expression which determines whether or not the tumour escapes the immune response. This critical level of MHC-I depends on the helper/cytotoxic T-cell ratio. However, our model also suggests that the immune system is robust against small changes in this ratio. We also find that T-cell infiltration and the specificity of the intra-tumour TCR repertoire will affect the critical MHC-I expression. Our work suggests that the functional form of the time evolution of MHC-I expression may explain the qualitative behaviour of tumour growth seen in patients.


2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Bansal ◽  
Vineet Mehan

Abstract Objectives The key test in Content-Based Medical Image Retrieval (CBMIR) frameworks for MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) pictures is the semantic hole between the low-level visual data caught by the MRI machine and the elevated level data seen by the human evaluator. Methods The conventional component extraction strategies centre just on low-level or significant level highlights and utilize some handmade highlights to diminish this hole. It is important to plan an element extraction structure to diminish this hole without utilizing handmade highlights by encoding/consolidating low-level and elevated level highlights. The Fleecy gathering is another packing technique, which is applied in plan depiction here and SVM (Support Vector Machine) is applied. Remembering the predefinition of bunching amount and enlistment cross-section is until now a significant theme, a new predefinition advance is extended in this paper, in like manner, and another CBMIR procedure is suggested and endorsed. It is essential to design a part extraction framework to diminish this opening without using painstakingly gathered features by encoding/joining low-level and critical level features. Results SVM and FCM (Fuzzy C Means) are applied to the power structures. Consequently, the incorporate vector contains all the objectives of the image. Recuperation of the image relies upon the detachment among request and database pictures called closeness measure. Conclusions Tests are performed on the 200 Image Database. Finally, exploratory results are evaluated by the audit and precision.


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