Issues in Establishing In Situ Atmospheric Greenhouse Gas Monitoring Networks in Europe and in Regions of Interest to Europe

2008 ◽  
pp. 91-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Euan Nisbet ◽  
Phillip O’Brien ◽  
C. Mary R. Fowler ◽  
Aodhagan Roddy
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Regions Of Interest ◽  
Monitoring Networks ◽  
Gas Monitoring

scholarly journals Assessment of a multi-species in situ FTIR for precise atmospheric greenhouse gas observations

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 1153-1170 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Hammer ◽  
D. W. T. Griffith ◽  
G. Konrad ◽  
S. Vardag ◽  
C. Caldow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Monitoring Networks ◽  
In Situ Ftir ◽  
Ch4 And N2o ◽  
And Control

Abstract. We thoroughly evaluate the performance of a multi-species, in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyser with respect to high-accuracy needs for greenhouse gas monitoring networks. The in situ FTIR analyser is shown to measure CO2, CO, CH4 and N2O mole fractions continuously, all with better reproducibility than the inter-laboratory compatibility (ILC) goals, requested by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) for the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) programme. Simultaneously determined δ13CO2 reaches reproducibility as good as 0.03‰. Second-order dependencies between the measured components and the thermodynamic properties of the sample, (temperature, pressure and flow rate) and the cross sensitivities among the sample constituents are investigated and quantified. We describe an improved sample delivery and control system that minimises the pressure and flow rate variations, making post-processing corrections for those quantities non-essential. Temperature disequilibrium effects resulting from the evacuation of the sample cell are quantified and improved by the usage of a faster temperature sensor. The instrument has proven to be linear for all measured components in the ambient concentration range. The temporal stability of the instrument is characterised on different time scales. Instrument drifts on a weekly time scale are only observed for CH4 (0.04 nmol mol−1 day−1) and δ13CO2 (0.02‰ day−1). Based on 10 months of continuously collected quality control measures, the long-term reproducibility of the instrument is estimated to ±0.016 μmol mol−1 CO2, ±0.03‰ δ13CO2, ±0.14 nmol mol−1 CH4, ±0.1 nmol mol−1 CO and ±0.04 nmol mol−1 N2O. We propose a calibration and quality control scheme with weekly calibrations of the instrument that is sufficient to reach WMO-GAW inter-laboratory compatibility goals.

scholarly journals Assessment of a multi-species in-situ FTIR for precise atmospheric greenhouse gas observations

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 3645-3692 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Hammer ◽  
D. W. T. Griffith ◽  
G. Konrad ◽  
S. Vardag ◽  
C. Caldow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Thermodynamic Properties ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Monitoring Networks ◽  
In Situ Ftir ◽  
Ch4 And N2o

Abstract. We thoroughly evaluate the performance of a multi-species, in-situ FTIR analyser with respect to high accuracy needs for greenhouse gas monitoring networks. The in-situ FTIR analyser measures CO2, CO, CH4 and N2O mole fractions continuously, all with better reproducibility than requested by the WMO-GAW inter-laboratory compatibility (ILC) goal. Simultaneously determined δ13CO2 reaches reproducibility as good as 0.03‰. This paper focuses on the quantification of residual dependencies between the measured components and the thermodynamic properties of the sample as well as the cross-sensitivities among the sample constituents. The instrument has proven to be linear for all components in the ambient range. The temporal stability of the instrument was investigated by 10 months of continuously collected quality control measures. Based on these measures we conclude that for moderately stable laboratory conditions weekly calibrations of the instrument are sufficient to reach WMO-GAW ILC goals.

Hochaufgelöste Simulation von meteorologischen Feldern in urbanen Räumen mit dem Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Modell

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas N. Pilz ◽  
Sanam N. Vardag ◽  
Joachim Fallmann ◽  
André Butz
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Weather Research And Forecasting ◽  
Gas Monitoring ◽  
Weather Forecasts ◽  
European Centre ◽  
Medium Range ◽  
Erste Ergebnisse ◽  
Weather Research

<p><span>Städte und Kommunen sind für mehr als 70% </span><span>der globalen, fossilen CO2-Emissionen</span><span> verantwortlich, sodass hier ein enormes Mitigationspotential besteht. Informationen über (inner-)städtische CO2-Emissionen stehen allerdings oft nicht </span><span>in hoher zeitlicher und räumlicher Auflösung</span><span> zur Verfügung und sind </span><span>meist</span><span> mit großen Unsicherheiten behaftet. Diese Umstände erschweren eine zielgerichtete und effiziente Mitigation im urbanen Raum. </span><span>Städtische Messnetzwerke können als unabhängige Informationsquelle einen Beitrag leisten, um CO2-Emissionen in Städten zu quantifizieren und Mitigation zu verifizieren</span><span>. </span><span>Verschiedene denkbare Beobachtungsstrategien sollten</span><span> im Vorfeld abgewägt werden, um urbane Emissionen bestmöglich, d.h. mit der erforderlichen Genauigkeit und </span><span>Kosteneffizienz</span><span> zu quantifizieren. So können Messnetzwerke die Basis für zielgerichtete und kosteneffiziente Mitigation legen.</span></p><p><span>Im Rahmen des Verbundvorhabens „Integrated Greenhouse Gas Monitoring System for Germany“ (ITMS) werden wir verschiedene Beobachtungsstrategien für urbane Räume entwerfen und mit Hilfe von Modellsimulation evaluieren und abwägen. Notwendige Voraussetzung für </span><span>die Evaluation der Strategien</span><span> ist eine akkurate Repräsentation des atmosphärischen Transports im Modell.</span></p><p><span>Diese Studie zeigt</span><span> erste Ergebnisse der hochauflösenden (1kmx1km) meteorologischen Simulationen für den Rhein-Neckar-Raum mit dem WRF Modell. </span><span>Die in WRF simulierten meteorologischen Größen werden für verschiedene Modellkonfigurationen mit </span><span>re-analysierten Daten des European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) und ausgewählten Messstationen verglichen. Damit evaluieren wir </span><span>den Einfluss unterschiedlicher Nudging-Strategien, Parametrisierungen physikalischer Prozesse und urbaner Interaktionen</span><span> auf </span><span>die Modellperformance</span> <span>von</span><span> Lufttemperatur, Windrichtung, Windgeschwindigkeit und Grenzschichthöhe. Durch diese Analysen gewährleisten wir, dass die Simulation der Beobachtungsstrategien auf robuste</span><span>m</span><span> und realistische</span><span>m</span><span> atmosphärischen Transport basieren und schlussendlich repräsentative Empfehlungen für den Aufbau von Messnetzwerken liefern können. </span></p>

Remotely sensed temperature is a proxy of greenhouse gas emissions in intact and managed peatlands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ain Kull ◽  
Iuliia Burdun ◽  
Gert Veber ◽  
Oleksandr Karasov ◽  
Martin Maddison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Remotely Sensed ◽  
Water Table Depth ◽  
Gas Emissions

<p>Besides water table depth, soil temperature is one of the main drivers of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in intact and managed peatlands. In this work, we evaluate the performance of remotely sensed land surface temperature (LST) as a proxy of greenhouse gas emissions in intact, drained and extracted peatlands. For this, we used chamber-measured carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) data from seven peatlands in Estonia collected during vegetation season in 2017–2020. Additionally, we used temperature and water table depth data measured in situ. We studied relationships between CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, in-situ parameters and remotely sensed LST from Landsat 7 and 8, and MODIS Terra. Results of our study suggest that LST has stronger relationships with surface and soil temperature as well as with ecosystem respiration (R<sub>eco</sub>) over drained and extracted sites than over intact ones. Over the extracted cites the correlation between R<sub>eco</sub> CO<sub>2</sub> and LST is 0.7, and over the drained sites correlation is 0.5. In natural sites, we revealed a moderate positive relationship between LST and CO<sub>2</sub> emitted in hollows (correlation is 0.6) while it is weak in hummocks (correlation is 0.3). Our study contributes to the better understanding of relationships between greenhouse gas emissions and their remotely sensed proxies over peatlands with different management status and enables better spatial assessment of GHG emissions in drainage affected northern temperate peatlands.</p>

scholarly journals Annual cycles of chlorophyll-<i>a</i>, non-algal suspended particulate matter, and turbidity observed from space and in-situ in coastal waters

Ocean Science ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 705-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Gohin
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Suspended Particulate Matter ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Statistical Characteristics ◽  
Monitoring Networks ◽  
Suspended Particulate

Abstract. Sea surface temperature, chlorophyll, and turbidity are three variables of the coastal environment commonly measured by monitoring networks. The observation networks are often based on coastal stations, which do not provide a sufficient coverage to validate the model outputs or to be used in assimilation over the continental shelf. Conversely, the products derived from satellite reflectance generally show a decreasing quality shoreward, and an assessment of the limitation of these data is required. The annual cycle, mean, and percentile 90 of the chlorophyll concentration derived from MERIS/ESA and MODIS/NASA data processed with a dedicated algorithm have been compared to in-situ observations at twenty-six selected stations from the Mediterranean Sea to the North Sea. Keeping in mind the validation, the forcing, or the assimilation in hydrological, sediment-transport, or ecological models, the non-algal Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) is also a parameter which is expected from the satellite imagery. However, the monitoring networks measure essentially the turbidity and a consistency between chlorophyll, representative of the phytoplankton biomass, non-algal SPM, and turbidity is required. In this study, we derive the satellite turbidity from chlorophyll and non-algal SPM with a common formula applied to in-situ or satellite observations. The distribution of the satellite-derived turbidity exhibits the same main statistical characteristics as those measured in-situ, which satisfies the first condition to monitor the long-term changes or the large-scale spatial variation over the continental shelf and along the shore. For the first time, climatologies of turbidity, so useful for mapping the environment of the benthic habitats, are proposed from space on areas as different as the southern North Sea or the western Mediterranean Sea, with validation at coastal stations.

scholarly journals Urban greenhouse gas emissions from the Berlin area: A case study using airborne CO2 and CH4 in situ observations in summer 2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa Klausner ◽  
Mariano Mertens ◽  
Heidi Huntrieser ◽  
Michal Galkowski ◽  
Gerrit Kuhlmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Emission Flux ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Mixing Ratios

&lt;p&gt;Urban areas are recognised as a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), such as carbon dioxide (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) and methane (CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;). The total amount of urban GHG emissions, especially for CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, however, is not well quantified. Here we report on airborne in situ measurements using a Picarro G1301-m analyser aboard the DLR Cessna Grand Caravan to study GHG emissions downwind of the German capital city Berlin. In total, five aircraft-based mass balance experiments were conducted in July 2018 within the Urban Climate Under Change [UC]&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; project. The detection and isolation of the Berlin plume was often challenging because of comparatively small GHG signals above variable atmospheric background concentrations. However, on July 20&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; enhancements of up to 4 ppm CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and 21 ppb CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; were observed over a horizontal extent of roughly 45 to 65 km downwind of Berlin. These enhanced mixing ratios are clearly distinguishable from the background and can partly be assigned to city emissions. The estimated CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission flux of 1.39 &amp;#177; 0.75 t s&lt;sup&gt;-1 &lt;/sup&gt;is in agreement with current inventories, while the CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; emission flux of 5.20 &amp;#177; 1.61 kg s&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; is almost two times larger than the highest reported value in the inventories. We localized the source area with HYSPLIT trajectory calculations and the high resolution numerical model MECO(n) (down to ~1 km), and investigated the contribution from sewage-treatment plants and waste deposition to CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, which are treated differently by the emission inventories. Our work highlights the importance of a) strong CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; sources in the surroundings of Berlin and b) a detailed knowledge of GHG inflow mixing ratios to suitably estimate emission rates.&lt;/p&gt;

Cloud-based Research Data Infrastructures Integrating In-Situ and Remote Sensing Data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Jirka ◽  
Benedikt Gräler ◽  
Matthes Rieke ◽  
Christian Autermann
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Monitoring Networks ◽  
Sensing Data ◽  
Data Infrastructures ◽  
Practical Experiences ◽  
The One ◽  
Cloud Infrastructures

&lt;p&gt;For many scientific domains such as hydrology, ocean sciences, geophysics and social sciences, geospatial observations are an important source of information. Scientists conduct extensive measurement campaigns or operate comprehensive monitoring networks to collect data that helps to understand and to model current and past states of complex environment. The variety of data underpinning research stretches from in-situ observations to remote sensing data (e.g., from the European Copernicus programme) and contributes to rapidly increasing large volumes of geospatial data.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;However, with the growing amount of available data, new challenges arise. Within our contribution, we will focus on two specific aspects: On the one hand, we will discuss the specific challenges which result from the large volumes of remote sensing data that have become available for answering scientific questions. For this purpose, we will share practical experiences with the use of cloud infrastructures such as the German platform CODE-DE and will discuss concepts that enable data processing close to the data stores. On the other hand, we will look into the question of interoperability in order to facilitate the integration and collaborative use of data from different sources. For this aspect, we will give special consideration to the currently emerging new generation of standards of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) and will discuss how specifications such as the OGC API for Processes can help to provide flexible processing capabilities directly within Cloud-based research data infrastructures.&lt;/p&gt;

History and Sites of Atmospheric Greenhouse Gas Monitoring in Hungary

2010 ◽  
pp. 9-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
László Haszpra ◽  
Zoltán Barcza ◽  
István Szilágyi
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Gas Monitoring
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