PCR-Based Determination of Secondary Metabolite Genes in Actinobacterial Cultures

The rapid increase in the global production of apples has led to improved monitoring and control of toxic substances present in apples and their derivatives. One of these toxic substances is patulin, a mycotoxin and secondary metabolite produced by different fungi species of the genera <em>Penicillium, Aspergillus, Gymnoascus, Paecilomyces</em> and <em>Byssochlamys.</em> This study evaluated patulin levels in juice produced from Fuji apples subjected to different temperature conditions and storage times in southern Brazil. The apples were divided into groups weighing 1 kg and stored at the following temperatures: 0ºC, 5ºC, 6.7ºC, 19.5ºC and 25ºC. Sub-samples of each group were processed to determine their patulin level by HPLC at the following intervals: 0 (control group), 7, 14 and 21 days. After 28 days of storage at all temperatures, the apples could not be analyzed due to their deterioration. The results indicated that at all temperatures; there was variation in the patulin levels. The smallest patulin value was observed in apple juice stored at 19.5°C and 25°C.

Download Full-text

UJI SITOTOKSIK DENGAN METODE BRINE SHRIMP LETHALITY TEST DAN PROFIL METABOLIT SEKUNDER DARI EKSTRAK BIJI BUAH BERENUK (Crescentia cujete Linn)

JIFFK : Jurnal Ilmu Farmasi dan Farmasi Klinik ◽

10.31942/jiffk.v15i2.2559 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 8

Author(s):

Afdhil Arel

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolite ◽

Artemia Salina ◽

Seed Extract ◽

Test Solution ◽

Control Group ◽

Lc50 Value ◽

Crescentia Cujete ◽

Probit Method ◽

Concentration Series

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this research is to find out the profile of secondary metabolite contained in the extract of seeds (Crescentia cujete Linn.) And cytotoxic test against shrimp larvae Artemia salina Leach by BSLT method. Phytochemical tests showed that the extract be expected contained the terpenoid, alkaloid, phenolic, secondary metabolite compounds. The results of qualitative analysis with positive TLC contains phenolics. The result of identification with Spectrophotometer UV-visfor determination of α max from berenuk seeds extract consisted of 3 peaks with α max 326 nm, 258 nm, 222 nm be expected terpenoid compound, alkaloid, and phenolic. The results of toxicity test using shrimp larvae (Artemia salina leach) were divided into 4 groups: 1 control group and 3 groups of concentration series. The concentration of test solution used was 1,000, 100 and 10 μg / ml. The shrimp larvae mortality was observed after 24 hours of treatment. Based on the analysis with probit method, LC50 value of seed extract berenuk to shrimp larvae Artemia salina Leach is equal to 82,30 μg/ml. This shows that the extract of berenuk berries is toxic to shrimp larvae Artemia salina Leach, presence to terpenoid content, alkaloids and phenolics in the extract of seeds berenuk.Keywords : Secondary metabolite; Cytotoxic; BSLT.

Download Full-text

THE ANTIBACTERIAL COMPOUND COLLISMICIN A DERIVED FROM MARINE Streptomyces sp Q-629K

Indonesian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.22146/ijc.21600 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 426-430

Author(s):

Tutik Murniasih ◽

Kyoko Adachi

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Secondary Metabolite ◽

13C Nmr ◽

Active Compound ◽

Chemical Structure ◽

Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽

Water System ◽

Antimicrobial Compound ◽

Streptomyces Sp

In our course of screening for secondary metabolite derived from marine bacterial, we isolate the antimicrobial compound collysmicin A from the ethyl acetate extract of Streptomyces sp Q-629K. Separation of this compound was carried out by silica gel open column chromatography. Purification of an active compound was done using HPLC C18 with acetonitril-water system. Determination of chemical structure was done by 1H, 13C NMR and LC-MS analysis. Collysmicin A was contained in fraction 3, fraction 7.2 and fraction 8.7. The antimicrobial assayed from purified compound Fr.8.7 gave diameter inhibition approximately 13 mm against S. aureus and 12 mm against B. subtilis . Keywords: antimicrobial, collismycin A and marine Streptomyces sp

Download Full-text

DETERMINATION OF FLAVONOID LEVELS OF AlCl3 METHODE IN THE EXTRACT OF METANOL FLOWERS (Clitoria ternatea L.)

Jurnal Farmasi Sains dan Praktis ◽

10.31603/pharmacy.v6i2.3912 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 134-141

Author(s):

Anita Agustina Styawan ◽

Gandis Rohmanti

Keyword(s):

Free Radicals ◽

Immune System ◽

Medicinal Plants ◽

Lipid Oxidation ◽

Secondary Metabolite ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Degenerative Diseases ◽

Clitoria Ternatea ◽

Red Color

Telang flowers is one of the medicinal plants that can grow well in Indonesia, but have not been widely used. Previous research stated that methanol extract of telang flowers had secondary metabolite compounds such as tannin, saponin, flavonoid and alkaloid. Flavonoid are natural compounds that have the potential as antioxidants that can capture free radicals that play a role in the emergence of degenerative diseases throught the mechanisme of damage to the body’s immune system, lipid oxidation and protein.The purpose of this study was to determine whether telang flowers content was determined whether by the AlCl3 method and measured by using UV-Vis Spektrophotometry from the methanol extract of telang flowers.The results of this study indicate that the methanol extract of telang flowers contains flavonoid with red color. The level of flavonoids intended is 4.65%.

Download Full-text

KANDUNGAN FITOKIMIA, KLOROFIL DAN BIOMASSA DAUN SEMBUNG (Blumea balsamifera) TERHADAP PENCAHAYAAN

Jurnal Sains Natural ◽

10.31938/jsn.v4i1.71 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 11

Author(s):

Mamay Maslahat ◽

Nia Yuliani

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Water Level ◽

Secondary Metabolite ◽

Field Condition ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Total Chlorophyll ◽

Phytochemical Content ◽

Chlorophyll Level ◽

Number Of Leaves

The Influence of Lighting to The Phytochemistry, Chlorophyll and Biomass Content of Sembung Leaves (Blumea balsamifera) The secondary metabolite compounds on the sembung leaves are an active biopharmaceutical matter. Increase of the bio active production on field condition can be conducted by improving the plant biomass through shade and the period of lighting. The purpose of this research was to understand the influence of lighting to the phytochemical content, chlorophyll and biomass of sembung leaves that planted in the plantation area, Cogreg, Parung Bogor. The steps of this research consisted of the planting of sembung leaves in different lighting each treatment, the calculation of leaves biomass weight , the preparation of samples, the determination of the water level of samples, the phytochemical test of leaves samples and the analysis of chlorophyll content. Observation of the growth of sembung plants conducted periodically, starting from planting to the harvest. The results of statistical analysis of T test, on the observation of the growth of plants period I and period II showed that the average of the high and number of leaves differ significantly between plants that use shade and without shade (sig<0.05). The number of leaves sembung biomass planted without shade was heavier than planted with the shade. The water level of sembung leaves sample was 9,5 %. Total chlorophyll level of sembung leaves showed that the total chlorophyll level of the sembung leaves without shade was 15,6319 mg/L, while the total chlorophyll level of the sembung leaves with shade was 20,0982 mg/L. Based on the phytochemical test showed that the secondary metabolite compound which contained in both of sembung leaves sample grown using shade or without shade did not differ significantly to flavonoid, saponin, glycosides, alkaloids and terpenoid.Keywords: Blumea balsamifera, phytochemistry, chlorophyll, lighting ABSTRAK Senyawa metabolit sekunder yang terdapat pada daun sembung merupakan bahan aktif biofarmaka. Pemacuan produksi bioaktif tanaman pada kondisi lapang dapat dilakukan dengan meningkatkan biomassa tanaman melalui naungan dan periode pencahayaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pencahayaan terhadap kandungan fitokimia, klorofil dan biomassa daun sembung yang ditanam di areal perkebunan Cogreg Parung Bogor. Tahapan penelitian terdiri atas penanaman dengan perlakuan pencahayaan yang berbeda pada setiap petak terpisah, penghitungan bobot biomassa daun, preparasi simplisia, penetapan kadar air simplisia, uji fitokimia simplisia daun dan analisis kandungan klorofil. Pengamatan pertumbuhan tanaman dilakukan secara periodikal dari mulai tanam hingga panen. Hasil statistik Uji T pada pengamatan pertumbuhan tanaman periode I & II menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata tinggi sembung dan jumlah daun berbeda secara signifikan antara tanaman yang menggunakan naungan dan tanpa naungan dengan nilai sig<0,05. Jumlah biomassa daun sembung yang ditanam tanpa naungan menghasilkan berat lebih besar dibandingkan dengan naungan. Kadar air simplisia daun sembung sebesar 9,5 %. Kadar klorofil total daun sembung tanpa naungan dan dengan naungan berturut-turut adalah 15,6319 mg/L dan 20,0982 mg/L. Kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder simplisia daun sembung adalah flavonoid, saponin, glikosida, alkaloid, dan terpenoid.Kata kunci : Blumea balsamifera, fitokimia, klorofil, pencahayaan

Download Full-text

Diversity of endophytic fungi from the root bark of Syzygium zeylanicum, and the antibacterial activity of fungal extracts, and secondary metabolite

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity ◽

10.13057/biodiv/d221051 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (10) ◽

Author(s):

Syarifah Syarifah ◽

Elfita Elfita ◽

HARY WIDJAJANTI ◽

ARUM SETIAWAN ◽

ALFIA R. KURNIAWATI

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Secondary Metabolite ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Molecular Identification ◽

Endophytic Fungi ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Root Bark ◽

Fungal Extracts

Abstract. Syarifah, Elfita, Widjajanti H, Setiawan A, Kurniawati AR. 2021. Diversity of endophytic fungi from the root bark of Syzygium zeylanicum, and the antibacterial activity of fungal extracts, and secondary metabolite. Biodiversitas 22: 4572-4582. The decoction of the root bark of Syzygium zeylanicum has been used as traditional medicine, such as for treating pathogenic bacterial infections. Endophytic fungi that live in medicinal plant tissues have a high species diversity and biological activities correlate with their host. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the diversity of endophytic fungi from the root bark of S. zeylanicum and to determine the antibacterial activity of endophytic fungi and their secondary metabolites. In this study, we isolate and identify the endophytic fungi from the root bark of S. zeylanicum, continued by screening their antibacterial activity against two Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli InaCCB5 and Salmonella thypi ATCC1048 and two Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus InaCCB4 and Bacillus subtilis InaCCB1204) by the Kirby-Bauer method. The fungal extract with the highest antibacterial activity proceeded with the isolation and determination of the structure of their bioactive compounds. The isolates were morphologically identified. Isolates that showed strong antibacterial activity were identified by molecular identification. Isolation of bioactive compounds was carried out by chromatographic techniques and the determination of the structure of pure chemical compounds was performed by the spectroscopic analysis. In total, there were 8 isolates of endophytic fungi were obtained from the root bark of S. zeylanicum, namely SZR1 – SZR8. SZR2 isolate has the highest antibacterial activity. Molecular identification through phylogenetic analysis showed that SZR2 isolate had high similarity with Penicillium brefeldianum. Isolation of bioactive compounds from SZR2 produced compound 1 in the form of light yellow crystals which showed strong antibacterial activity against S. typhi, E. coli, and B. subtilis with MIC values of 64 g/mL. Compound 1 was identified as p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, which was also obtained in its host. In conclusion, the endophytic fungus Penicillium brefeldianum produces similar secondary metabolites and antibacterial activity as its host plant.

Download Full-text

Galactic orbits of stars

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900105340 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 25 ◽

pp. 93-97

Author(s):

Richard Woolley

Keyword(s):

Globular Cluster ◽

Potential Field ◽

High Velocity ◽

Velocity Vector ◽

Variable Stars ◽

The Sun ◽

Proper Motions ◽

Rr Lyrae ◽

The Galaxy

It is now possible to determine proper motions of high-velocity objects in such a way as to obtain with some accuracy the velocity vector relevant to the Sun. If a potential field of the Galaxy is assumed, one can compute an actual orbit. A determination of the velocity of the globular clusterωCentauri has recently been completed at Greenwich, and it is found that the orbit is strongly retrograde in the Galaxy. Similar calculations may be made, though with less certainty, in the case of RR Lyrae variable stars.

Download Full-text

Distance to SN 1987A and the LMC

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900118959 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 190 ◽

pp. 549-554

Author(s):

Nino Panagia

Keyword(s):

Angular Size ◽

Large Magellanic Cloud ◽

Magellanic Cloud ◽

Light Curves ◽

Distance Modulus ◽

Absolute Size ◽

Sn 1987A

Using the new reductions of the IUE light curves by Sonneborn et al. (1997) and an extensive set of HST images of SN 1987A we have repeated and improved Panagia et al. (1991) analysis to obtain a better determination of the distance to the supernova. In this way we have derived an absolute size of the ringRabs= (6.23 ± 0.08) x 1017cm and an angular sizeR″ = 808 ± 17 mas, which give a distance to the supernovad(SN1987A) = 51.4 ± 1.2 kpc and a distance modulusm–M(SN1987A) = 18.55 ± 0.05. Allowing for a displacement of SN 1987A position relative to the LMC center, the distance to the barycenter of the Large Magellanic Cloud is also estimated to bed(LMC) = 52.0±1.3 kpc, which corresponds to a distance modulus ofm–M(LMC) = 18.58±0.05.

Download Full-text

International determination of the total motion of the pole

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900177824 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 13 ◽

pp. 29-41

Author(s):

Wm. Markowitz

Keyword(s):

Secular Motion ◽

The Future

A symposium on the future of the International Latitude Service (I. L. S.) is to be held in Helsinki in July 1960. My report for the symposium consists of two parts. Part I, denoded (Mk I) was published [1] earlier in 1960 under the title “Latitude and Longitude, and the Secular Motion of the Pole”. Part II is the present paper, denoded (Mk II).

Download Full-text

Time and Latitude in South Africa

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100026816 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 27-38

Author(s):

J. Hers

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Cape Town ◽

Astronomical Observations ◽

Royal Observatory ◽

The Republic ◽

Astronomical Determination ◽

Limited Accuracy ◽

Better Than

In South Africa the modern outlook towards time may be said to have started in 1948. Both the two major observatories, The Royal Observatory in Cape Town and the Union Observatory (now known as the Republic Observatory) in Johannesburg had, of course, been involved in the astronomical determination of time almost from their inception, and the Johannesburg Observatory has been responsible for the official time of South Africa since 1908. However the pendulum clocks then in use could not be relied on to provide an accuracy better than about 1/10 second, which was of the same order as that of the astronomical observations. It is doubtful if much use was made of even this limited accuracy outside the two observatories, and although there may – occasionally have been a demand for more accurate time, it was certainly not voiced.

Download Full-text