A synthetic phytosiderophore analog, proline-2′-deoxymugineic acid, is efficiently utilized by dicots

Purpose Phytosiderophores (PS) from grasses solubilize sparingly soluble iron (Fe), and the resultant PS-Fe is an Fe source even for dicots. Recently, the synthetic PS proline-2′-deoxymugineic acid (PDMA) has been developed as a moderately biodegradable Fe fertilizer for grasses. We aimed to investigate whether PDMA-Fe is also a good Fe source for dicots. Methods The availability of PDMA-Fe to cucumber was evaluated in a calcareous substrate and hydroponic cultures at pH 7.0–9.0 by determining chlorophyll level, PSII activity, and Fe uptake. EDDHA-Fe, EDTA-Fe, and citrate-Fe were used as controls. The reducibility of Fe chelates by roots was measured to determine the mechanism underlying differences in availability. Expressions of Fe deficiency-inducible genes were analyzed to estimate the Fe status in plants. Results The application of PDMA-Fe and EDDHA-Fe to a calcareous substrate reduced Fe-deficient chlorosis to a similar extent; however, the shoot Fe concentration was higher in the PDMA-Fe treatment. In the hydroponic culture, the availability of PDMA-Fe was higher than that of the other chelates at all pH levels, and this was confirmed by higher PSII activity and lower expression of Fe deficiency-inducible genes. The reducibility assay revealed that the reduction level of PDMA-Fe was greater than that of EDTA-Fe and citrate-Fe under alkaline pH. Conclusions PDMA-Fe is utilized by cucumber roots more efficiently than traditional synthetic chelates in both calcareous substrate and hydroponic cultures. The higher availability of PDMA-Fe may be attributed to its higher reducibility. Our findings suggest that PDMA-Fe could be a good Fe fertilizer for dicots.

Chloroplast and Mitochondria

Photosynthesis is a crucial process for plants on earth that changes light energy to chemical energy. Virus infection can cause dramatic photosynthesis changes: respiration and the translocation of carbohydrates and other substances around the host plant. Chlorosis in virus-infected leaves like Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV- PAV).infection can result from damage to chloroplasts resulting from inhibition of photosynthetic activity. Our present study combines TEM and chlorophyll-level content in the presence of Gold nanoparticles (AuNPS) to explore the repair mechanism for the yellowing leaf symptom development caused by infection with BYDV- PAV by illustrating TEM micrographs; showing fragmentized grana, deformation of the myelin like bodies (MLB), many vesicles; osmiophilic lipid granules/plastoglobulus, starch body, and plasmolysis in the chloroplast, distribution of AuNPs & VLPs near and inside the chloroplast. Mitochondria, Double-membrane-bound organelle, Distorted mitochondrion, Amorphous inclusion bodies.

PERFORMANCE OF BIODEGRADABLE FLOATING DIRECT COVERS IN THE FIELD PRODUCTION OF BUTTERHEAD LETTUCE DURING SPRING AND AUTUMN TRIALS

Non-degradable polypropylene nonwovens are difficult to dispose and their utilization represents high economic costs. This study was conducted on lettuce cultivated during the spring and autumn seasons in the southern part of Poland to test biodegradable nonwovens as plant covers. Several nonwovens were developed from aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters (ACC), one without modifiers (SB48/11) and three with the addition of fatty acid dimers: two commercial variants (SB20/13, SB21/13) and one made from plant biomass (SB28/13). Nonwoven polypropylene (PP) fleece was included as a control cover. One week after covering with SB48/11, stomatal conductance (gs) increased in lettuce plants in parallel with higher transpiration rate (E) and sub-stomatal CO2 concentration (Ci) relative to the control, but differences in these parameters evened out in mature plants. In the spring, degradable covers with their higher mass per unit area, caused a decrease in marketable yield of lettuce compared to the control PP, resulting mainly from the deterioration of plant quality and lower mean weight per head. In the autumn season, yield was statistically not different between treatments. Yield of spring lettuces was 78% higher compared to the autumn cultivation period. Plants grown under SB20/13 had the lowest dry weight and L-ascorbic acid, while plants under SB21/13 had the highest dry weight and L-ascorbic acid content. Plants under SB28/13 had higher chlorophyll a content. Generally, no effect of covers was noted for carotenoid concentrations. The content of dry weight, L-ascorbic acid, and carotenoids were higher in plants harvested in spring, while no effects of crop season on chlorophyll level were observed. All tested biodegradable nonwovens are a potential substitute for standard polypropylene in autumn trials, but for spring covering unit weight of these materials should be reduced.

Correlation between agricultural parameters and spectral vegetation index of rape based on artificial intelligence

At present, people’s living standard and consumption level are increasing day by day, the demand for edible oil crops is increasing. As the main source of oil crops, rape needs to use more accurate management and cultivation techniques, change backward technology, increase overall yield, and ensure the supply of oil crops. By means of artificial intelligence, the spectral segments of plants were analyzed to determine the species of light and the nutrients produced by plants, the monitoring of development and the prediction of crop yield. According to the spectral information of plant absorption and reflection, the chlorophyll level contained in plants can provide data support for rape planting and management, and monitor the real-time status of its growth and development. Mastering the nutrition and demand of rape in the whole process of growth and reproduction is very beneficial to the management and yield improvement of rape. And can adjust the cultivation method in time, play the advantage of hyperspectral technology.

Penetapan Kadar Klorofil dan Karotenoid Daun Sawi (Brassica) Menggunakan Metode Spektrofotometri UV-Vis

Chlorophyll and carotenoids are antioxidant compounds that are very potential. Both of these compounds are found in many vegetables. This research aims to determine the levels of chlorophyll and carotenoids in mustard (Brassica) leaves. There were three types of mustard leaves tested, namely greens mustard (Brassica rapa I.), white mustard (Brassica juncea L.) and pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.). Analysis of samples by the Uv-Vis Spectrophotometry method. The results of the measurement of chlorophyll levels showed that pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.) had the highest chlorophyll level which was 86,76 mg/g. While the lowest chlorophyll level is found in the type of white mustard which is equal to 0,75 mg/g. From the three of the mustard tested, green mustard (Brassica rapa I.) and pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.) were mustard types that contained high carotenoids in the amount of 50,4 mg/g and 198,04 mg/g. While the type of white mustard (Brassica juncea L.) has the lowest carotenoid content for all preparations.

Variation in maize chlorophyll biosynthesis alters plant architecture

Chlorophyll is a tetrapyrrole metabolite essential for photosynthesis in plants. The oil yellow1 (oy1) gene of maize encodes subunit I of Magnesium chelatase, the enzyme catalyzing the first committed step of chlorophyll biosynthesis. A range of chlorophyll contents and net CO2 assimilation rates can be achieved in maize by combining a semi-dominant mutant allele, Oy1-N1989, and cis-regulatory alleles encoded by the Mo17 inbred called very oil yellow1 (vey1). We previously demonstrated that these allelic interactions can delay reproductive maturity. In this study, we demonstrate that multiple gross morphological traits respond to a reduction in chlorophyll. We found that stalk width, number of lateral branches (tillers), and branching of the inflorescence decline with a decrease in chlorophyll level. Chlorophyll variation suppressed tillering in multiple maize mutants including teosinte branched1, grassy tiller1, and Tillering1 as well as the tiller number1 QTL responsible for tillering in many sweet corn varieties. In contrast to these traits, plant height showed a non-linear response to chlorophyll levels. Weak suppression of Oy1-N1989 by vey1B73 resulted in a significant increase in mutant plant height. This was true in multiple mapping populations, isogenic inbreds, and hybrid backgrounds. Enhancement of the Oy1-N1989 mutants by the vey1Mo17 allele reduced chlorophyll contents and plant height in mapping populations and isogenic inbred background. We demonstrate that the effects of reduced chlorophyll content on plant growth and development are complex and that the genetic relationship depends on the trait. We propose that growth control for branching and architecture are downstream of energy balance sensing.

Chlortetracycline inhibits seed germination and seedling growth in Brassica campestris by disrupting H2O2 signaling

Antibiotics have been identified as a new type of environmental contaminant because of their increased use in farm animal production systems. Those drugs that animals are not absorbed mostly are excreted in the feces and urine and contaminates soils. However, the effects of antibiotics on crop plants are still largely unknown. In this study, we determined the effects of chlortetracycline (CTC), a veterinary drug released into the agricultural field by grazing animals or through manure application, on the growth and physiology of Brassica campestris seedlings. Differently from animals, Brassica campestris seedlings have accumulated 5–10-fold higher CTC during cultivation rather than excretion. Morphologically, CTC delays seed germination and inhibits seedling growth such as shortening primary root length and decreasing chlorophyll level. At the molecular level, CTC accumulation in plants downregulated the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) genes and decreased the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Since H2O2 is one of the signaling components involved in the regulation of root growth, exogenous application of H2O2 partially restored the growth and physiology of CTC-treated seedlings. These results suggest that application of CTC-containing manure or compost to soil delays seed germination and inhibits plant growth.