Intellectual Property in Living Organisms. Current Situation, Trends and Challenges

2009 ◽  
pp. 215-232
Author(s):  
César Morales
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Living Organisms

Development of Intellectual Property of Communications Enterprise and Analysis of Current Situation of Patents in Emerging Technology Field

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-28
Author(s):  
Wenjia Ding
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Emerging Technology ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Communication Industry ◽  
Property System ◽  
Specific Analysis ◽  
Patent Applications ◽  
Intellectual Property Strategy

In the process of promoting the national intellectual property strategy, domestic enterprises should seize the opportunity to develop their own intellectual property system according to their actual situations. The communication industry as an example of statistical data and specific analysis of patent applications in emerging technology field in recent years are supplied in the article.

scholarly journals Ochrona prawna tradycyjnej wiedzy rolniczej dotyczącej zasobów genetycznych

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Paweł Gała
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Traditional Knowledge ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Living Organisms

<p>Traditional knowledge, including genetic resources of living organisms, especially plants, plays an extremely important role also in the development of modern science and present-day industry. This prompts us to consider the need, scope, and model of legal protection for such knowledge, both for the needs of the communities that create and cultivate it and for the wider public good. The present article includes an analysis of international legal regulations concerning the protection of traditional knowledge, with particular emphasis on the knowledge related to genetic resources, as well as legal works in this field. The considerations cover issues related to the development of the conceptual framework of such legal norms and the foundations of the legal protection of traditional knowledge, in particular the arguments concerning the need for such protection. The article also presents the basic types of intellectual property rights that can be the basis for legal protection of traditional knowledge.</p>

Re-thinking the role of intellectual property in nano-strategy

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-102
Author(s):  
Sara Giordani
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Strategic Partnerships ◽  
Strategic Decisions ◽  
Business Opportunities ◽  
Interpretative Model

AbstractIn two past studies we observed and analyzed a group of European new and adolescent ventures, looking in particular at how they were about exploiting nanotechnology-based business opportunities, what was the role of intellectual property rights (IPRs), mainly patents, in those strategies, what was the link between patent filings in nanotechnology and exploitation patterns in the market. We formulated hypotheses and proposed an interpretative model of the strategic decisions and business choices. After a couple of years we took the opportunity to revisit some of the hypotheses and outcomes of the proposed interpretative model. If the overall framework of analysis is still, at least partly, applicable to the current situation, new trends emerge, which involve: the creation of extended portfolios of IPRs and intangible assets, which are both technology and marketing related, the entry of strategic investors and the new role of the financial and funding instruments, and the emergence of new types of consolidation patterns which are rooted in the net of strategic partnerships, collaborations and new forms of alliances in the supply chain and in the market.

The increased use of intellectual property in the context of expanded use of smart technologies

2020 ◽  
pp. 102-109
Author(s):  
Anzhelika P. Buevich ◽  
Svetlana A. Varvus
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Scientific Discourse ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Economic Literature ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Smart Technologies

The authors of the article turn to one of the essential problems of the modern Russia - the problem of using intellectual property in terms of smart technologies development. The very concept of “smart technologies” is analyzed, which is especially relevant in the context of the lack of a theoretically and academically designed scientific discourse in this area. Since the key source of smart technologies development is intellectual property, the role of which changes, the authors focus on the problems of the intellectual property institution in Russia and their origins. Based on the analysis of economic literature and statistical material, the authors characterize the current situation in Russia, as well as in some foreign countries. The goal set by authors is to find out how to use intensively the intellectual property in expanded reproduction in the context of smart technologies implementation. The authors also note that the problems facing the institution of intellectual property today can only be solved by intensifying the use of intellectual property. This can be achieved if intellectual property is considered as a tool for transforming a product invented into a real economic turnover. At the same time, the field of intellectual property should be as transparent as possible, focused on the needs of the society in general, and the market in particular, and also comply with the government’s policy of digitalization. Only in this case intellectual property can become an instrument of development.

Intellectual Property Rights on varieties and access to plant genetic resources: towards a coherent and an ethically based approach

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 97-102
Author(s):  
H. Feyt
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Specific System ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Living Material ◽  
Living Organisms

AbstractThe concept of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) is a very old one, dating as far back as Ancient Greek times. A specific system of IPRs for living organisms was adopted internationally for the first time, for plant varieties, in 1961, through the UPOV Convention. Progress in the field of biotechnology in the 1970s was the starting point for extensive debate on the patenting of living material among both the scientific community and in public fora, resulting in several independent international agreements which, in turn, contributed to the evolution of the Patent System for gene protection and of the statute of plant genetic resources. But, in their current state, the provisions of these various agreements are not globally coherent and, more particularly, conflict specifically with plant varieties and genetic resources. The questions could be solved by generalizing the cornerstone principle of the UPOV Convention, i.e. the free use of genetic variability, which seems to meet the demand of the scientific community.

scholarly journals Forms of thinking of autonomous intelligent agents: Features and problems of their organization

2020 ◽  
pp. 224-230
Author(s):  
В.Б. Мелехин ◽  
М.В. Хачумов
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Representation ◽  
Intelligent Agents ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Conceptual Thinking ◽  
Representation Model ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Figurative Thinking ◽  
Thinking Tools ◽  
Functional Purpose

Обосновано, что по аналогии с живыми организмами, для решения в проблемной среде различных по сложности задач, автономных интеллектуальных агентов различного назначения целесообразно наделить тремя дополняющими друг друга следующими формами мышления: наглядно-действенного, наглядно-образного и понятийного мышления. Определено функциональное назначение каждого отмеченного выше вида мышления. В частности показано, что наглядно-действенное мышление позволяет автономным интеллектуальным агентам эффективным образом целенаправленно функционировать и изучать закономерности преобразования текущей ситуации априори неописанной проблемной среды. Инструментальные средства наглядно-образного мышления предназначены для вывода решений в процессе планирования поведения связанного с целенаправленным преобразованием текущей ситуации проблемной среды на основе заданной модели представления знаний и процедур вывода решений. Понятийное мышление служит для пополнения недостающих знаний в процессе планирования поведения в недоопределенных условиях функционирования и для решения сложных задач поведения, требующих смены ситуаций проблемной среды для достижения заданной цели. Обозначены основные подходы, особенности и проблемы связанные с организацией инструментальных средств вывода решений в процессе планирования поведения автономных интеллектуальных агентов на основе рассмотренных видов мышления. It is substantiated that, by analogy with living organisms, in order to solve in a problem environment of various complexity tasks of autonomous intelligent agents for various purposes, it is advisable to endow with three complementary forms of thinking: visual-effective, visual-figurative and conceptual thinking. The functional purpose of each type of thinking noted above has been determined. In particular, it is shown that visual-active thinking allows autonomous intellectual agents to function efficiently and purposefully and study the laws of transformation of the current situation of an a priori undescribed problem environment. Visual-figurative thinking tools are designed to output decisions in the process of planning behavior associated with a targeted transformation of the current situation of the problem environment based on a given knowledge representation model and decision inference procedures. Conceptual thinking serves to replenish the missing knowledge in the process of planning behavior in underdetermined conditions of functioning and to solve complex problems of behavior that require a change in situations of the problem environment to achieve a given goal. The main approaches, features and problems associated with the organization of tools for deriving solutions in the process of planning the behavior of autonomous intelligent agents based on the considered types of thinking are outlined.

Patenting Biodiversity? Rejecting WTO/TRIPS in Southern Africa

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew T. Mushita ◽  
Carol B. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Private Property Rights ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Year 2000

The year 2000 was the deadline for developing countries to bring their national laws into compliance with the trade-related intellectual property rights (TRIPS) agreement under the World Trade Organization (WTO). However, the transition to one universal intellectual property law is not proceeding as scripted. After briefly summarizing a long tradition of debate about intellectual property, this article first analyzes what is new and different about TRIPS. It then argues that extending intellectual private property rights to plants, in particular in the form of patents, challenges scientific logic and threatens biodiversity. Southern Africa has also taken this view, and is proposing political and legal alternatives to the patenting of biodiversity. Combining principles from the Convention on Bio logical Diversity and the FAO International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources, draft legislation affirms farmers' and community rights, while not denying the important role of international protocols. The proposal, calling for local and national control, is not only a model for Africa, but for other developing countries to resolve the incongruities between TRIPS and the CBD over the patenting of living organisms.

scholarly journals Administrative Mode Innovation from the Perspective of Media Convergence:A Case Study of the Administrative Documents

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofeng Ma
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
New Media ◽  
Mobile Devices ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Separation Principle ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Moral Issues ◽  
The Social

This paper starts with the introduction of concepts of social media and its basic forms. Then it lists out social media’s different features and current situation of administrative documents. Then, to help readers to have better understanding of administrative documents, this paper introduces three functions of administrative documents. After taking a look at social media and administrative documents, the paper shifts its focus to Wechat and Facebook. First, it introduces Wechat’s development and status in the social media age, and then gives the understanding of administrative documents through Facebook and Wechat channels, and at last introduces three functions of administrative documents involving new principles of Separation Principle, Reprinting Principle and Moral Bottom Line Principle. Based on some researches about advertorial traditional writing principles, the paper lists following scholars’ views as comparison of the new principles. As in the age of new media, most active users of mobile devices and services are making good use of reprinting principle, for there are a lot of new articles created every day, and some of which may match the targets of your own administrative documents. The last principle emphasizes on moral issues, which calls for practitioners’ self-discipline to respect intellectual property and etiquette.

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