scholarly journals I. The influence of stress and strain on the action ot physical forces

1881 ◽  
Vol 32 (212-215) ◽  
pp. 41-46 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Physical Forces ◽  
The One

The values of “Young’s modulus” were determined for several metals by a method devised by Sir W. Thomson. According to this method wires of the same material and diameter are suspended in pairs about an inch apart from each other, and are attached by one extremity of each to the same support; the other extremities being fastened in the one case to a scale-pan, and in the other to the centre of a bar of wood or metal carrying constant equal weights at each end: the latter wire is provided with a scale and the former with an index of some sort, which being level with and close to the scale, serves to measure any alteration of length produced by weights placed in the pan.

scholarly journals Developing a Quantifying Device for Soft Tissue Material Prop-Erties around Lumbar Spines

Biosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Song Joo Lee ◽  
Yong-Eun Cho ◽  
Kyung-Hyun Kim ◽  
Deukhee Lee
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Strain Curve ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Commercial Device ◽  
Tissue Material

Knowing the material properties of the musculoskeletal soft tissue could be important to develop rehabilitation therapy and surgical procedures. However, there is a lack of devices and information on the viscoelastic properties of soft tissues around the lumbar spine. The goal of this study was to develop a portable quantifying device for providing strain and stress curves of muscles and ligaments around the lumbar spine at various stretching speeds. Each sample was conditioned and applied for 20 repeatable cyclic 5 mm stretch-and-relax trials in the direction and perpendicular direction of the fiber at 2, 3 and 5 mm/s. Our device successfully provided the stress and strain curve of the samples and our results showed that there were significant effects of speed on the young’s modulus of the samples (p < 0.05). Compared to the expensive commercial device, our lower-cost device provided comparable stress and strain curves of the sample. Based on our device and findings, various sizes of samples can be measured and viscoelastic properties of the soft tissues can be obtained. Our portable device and approach can help to investigate young’s modulus of musculoskeletal soft tissues conveniently, and can be a basis for developing a material testing device in a surgical room or various lab environments.

A dynamical method for the determination of Young's modulus by stretching

1928 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 276-279
Author(s):  
C. F. Sharman
Keyword(s):  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Elastic Constants ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Static Deformation ◽  
Elastic Forces ◽  
Dynamical Method ◽  
Period Of Oscillation

There are two general methods of measuring the elastic constants of bodies; one involves a study of the static deformation produced by the appropriate kind of stress, and the other a measurement of the period of oscillation of a system of known inertia under the elastic forces.

scholarly journals Benefits of Nonthermal Atmospheric Plasma Treatment on Dentin Adhesion

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. E288-E299 ◽  
Author(s):  
AP Ayres ◽  
PH Freitas ◽  
J De Munck ◽  
A Vananroye ◽  
C Clasen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Treatment ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Contact Angles ◽  
The Other ◽  
Atmospheric Plasma ◽  
Hybrid Layer ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
Dentin Surface

SUMMARY Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the influence of two nonthermal atmospheric plasma (NTAP) application times and two storage times on the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) to dentin. The influence of NTAP on the mechanical properties of the dentin-resin interface was studied by analyzing nanohardness (NH) and Young's modulus (YM). Water contact angles of pretreated dentin and hydroxyapatite blocks were also measured to assess possible alterations in the surface hydrophilicity upon NTAP. Methods and Materials: Forty-eight human molars were used in a split-tooth design (n=8). Midcoronal exposed dentin was flattened by a 600-grit SiC paper. One-half of each dentin surface received phosphoric acid conditioning, while the other half was covered with a metallic barrier and remained unetched. Afterward, NTAP was applied on the entire dentin surface (etched or not) for 10 or 30 seconds. The control groups did not receive NTAP treatment. Scotchbond Universal (SBU; 3M ESPE) and a resin-based composite were applied to dentin following the manufacturer's instructions. After 24 hours of water storage at 37°C, the specimens were sectioned perpendicular to the interface to obtain approximately six specimens or bonded beams (approximately 0.9 mm2 in cross-sectional area) representing the etch-and-rinse (ER) approach and another six specimens representing the self-etch (SE) approach. Half of the μTBS specimens were immediately loaded until failure, while the other half were first stored in deionized water for two years. Three other bonded teeth were selected from each group (n=3) for NH and YM evaluation. Water contact-angle analysis was conducted using a CAM200 (KSV Nima) goniometer. Droplet images of dentin and hydroxyapatite surfaces with or without 10 or 30 seconds of plasma treatment were captured at different water-deposition times (5 to 55 seconds). Results: Two-way analysis of variance revealed significant differences in μTBS of SBU to dentin after two years of water storage in the SE approach, without differences among treatments. After two years of water aging, the ER control and ER NTAP 10-second groups showed lower μTBS means compared with the ER NTAP 30-second treated group. Nonthermal atmospheric plasma resulted in higher NH and YM for the hybrid layer. The influence of plasma treatment in hydrophilicity was more evident in the hydroxyapatite samples. Dentin hydrophilicity increased slightly after 10 seconds of NTAP, but the difference was higher when the plasma was used for 30 seconds. Conclusions: Dentin NTAP treatment for 30 seconds contributed to higher μTBS after two years of water storage in the ER approach, while no difference was observed among treatments in the SE evaluation. This result might be correlated to the increase in nanohardness and Young's modulus of the hybrid layer and to better adhesive infiltration, since dentin hydrophilicity was also improved. Although some effects were observed using NTAP for 10 seconds, the results suggest that 30 seconds is the most indicated treatment time.

Some Observations on the Phenomena of Life and Mind

1868 ◽  
Vol 13 (64) ◽  
pp. 437-449
Author(s):  
Robert Dunn
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Present State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mental Life ◽  
States Of Consciousness ◽  
Physical Forces ◽  
Material Conditions ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The One

Life and mind, in their abstract nature or essence alike inscrutable to us, are problems which belong to the same category; for, in this world, we know nothing of life apart from an organism, and we have no manifestations of mind independently of a brain and nervous system. Here living organisms are required for the display of the vital phenomena, and a brain and nervous system for the manifestations of mind. Life has accordingly been defined as “the collective expression for a series of phenomena which take place exclusively in bodies that are organized,” and “mind as the functional manifestations of the living brain.” But then, and at the outset, it is to be remembered that in affirming sensation, emotion, thought, and volition to be functions of the nervous system, what is really maintained is this, that the vesicular matter of the encephalic ganglia furnishes the material conditions—the medium through which these mental phenomena are made manifest in this life. It may indeed be asked, Are not the physical forces of external nature, which underlie all vital phenomena, and the changing states of consciousness which constitute our mental life, as inscrutable to us in their nature or essence as are life and mind ? and it must be conceded that they are. Matter and force are coexistent, and are correlative. Nor can we conceive of the one but in association with, by, and through the other, any more than we can conceive of life, in our present state of existence, apart from an organism, or of thought independently of a living brain.

Influence of Heat and Loading Time on the Mechanical Properties of Calamus merrillii Becc.

Holzforschung ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 639-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. P. Abasolo ◽  
H. Yamamoto ◽  
M. Yoshida ◽  
K. Mitsui ◽  
T. Okuyama
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Creep Compliance ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Softening Temperature ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cellular Composition ◽  
Hemicellulose Content ◽  
Basic Behavior

Summary The influence of heat and loading time on the mechanical properties of Calamus merrillii Becc. was evaluated by measurement of dynamic Young's modulus and creep compliance at different temperature settings. Young's modulus decreased steadily as temperature was elevated. Creep compliance, on the other hand, increased steadily with loading time, similar to wood. Compliance rates were more or less the same at all temperature settings except for one particular temperature which deviated extremely from the rest. This temperature indirectly represents the softening temperature. Reduction in strength caused by heat was highly influenced by the cellular composition of the stem as well as the sensitivity of its basic chemical constituents, e.g., hemicellulose content, to heat. Knowing this basic behavior of rattan stems will enable manufacturers to design rattan products more efficiently.

Fibers of Bamboo and Hem Palm Tree

2001 ◽  
Vol 702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigeyasu Amada
Keyword(s):  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Elastic Properties ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Simple Procedure ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Palm Tree ◽  
Bamboo Fibers ◽  
The One

ABSTRACTBamboo is a typical composite material which is axially reinforced by very strong fibers. So that, the fibers play an important role for the bamboo structure. The elastic properties of the bamboo culm have been measured only by tensile test so far, which needs a large specimen. Recently ultra-sonic technique, which has a simple procedure and uses a small specimen, has been applied to woods as well as metals. This report reviews about the elastic properties of bamboo and Hemp palm fibers. The Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of the bamboo fibers are measured by ultra-sonic method with a transmitting wave. On the other hand, the strength of the bamboo and Hemp palm fibers are measured by the tensile tests. Using the volume fraction of fibers in the specimen and mixture principle, the Young's modulus and strength of the fibers and parenchyma were obtained. The fiber has a high strength up to 1GPa and an strong anisotropic property because its axial Young's modulus has 7 times higher than the one in the transverse direction.

scholarly journals Measurement of Young’s Modulus in Noodles and Bucatini

2019 ◽  
Vol 01 (02) ◽  
pp. 1950010
Author(s):  
Vladimir Vargas-Calderón ◽  
A. F. Guerrero-González ◽  
F. Fajardo
Keyword(s):  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Small Deformation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Mechanical Hysteresis ◽  
Elastic Curves ◽  
Properties Of Materials ◽  
Basic Concepts

The mechanical behavior of two types of pasta (noodles and bucatini) was studied in a cantilever-loaded-at-the-end experimental setup. One end of each pasta was fixed while the other end was submitted to forces perpendicular to the line determined by the pasta when undeflected. Elastic curves were studied, resulting in values of [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]GPa and [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]GPa for the Young’s modulus of bucatini and noodles respectively. The relation coming from small slopes approximation between the free end’s displacement and the load was analyzed, resulting in values of [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]GPa and [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]GPa for the Young’s modulus of bucatini and noodles respectively. Mechanical hysteresis was found in the pasta, resulting in a small deformation. The experiment that we propose illustrates elastic properties of materials, and shows students how to perform measurements of Young’s modulus in cantilevers of different geometries. Furthermore, the experiment can be done with low cost materials, so that it is reproducible in basic mechanics laboratories and it is a good first introduction to some basic concepts of elasticity like mechanical hysteresis.

Effect of compatibilizing agents on the physical properties of iPP/HDPE organoclay blends

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 589-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samia Boufassa ◽  
R. Doufnoune ◽  
Abdelhak Hellati ◽  
Nacceredine Haddaoui ◽  
M. Esperanza Cagiao
Keyword(s):  
Maleic Anhydride ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
The One ◽  
Grafted Epdm ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Butadiene Styrene

Abstract Blends of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) and high density polyethylene (HDPE), with and without compatibilizers and with different organoclay amounts (1%, 3%, and 5%), were systematically investigated to assess the effect of the additives on the crystallinity of the blends, as well as the correlation between the microhardness, H and the Young’s modulus E. The compatibilizers used were: maleic anhydride grafted styrene ethylene butadiene styrene (SEBS-g-MAH), maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (PE-g-MAH), maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MAH), ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), and maleic anhydride grafted EPDM (EPDM-g-MAH). The thermal properties and crystallization behavior were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). Macro- and micromechanical properties were also investigated. The results obtained showed that the addition of clay slightly increases the crystallinity αWAXS of the blends. However, the hardness H decreases enormously only by adding 1 wt% of clay. With higher clay amounts, H increases again. The relationship between the Young’s modulus E and the hardness H for all the studied blends was found to be somewhat higher than the one obtained for polyethylene (PE) samples with different morphologies.

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