Urban Space of the Living and Dead: The Conception of Environment and Death in Beijing from the Eighteenth Century to the Middle Twentieth Century

The relationship of the French king and royal mistress, complementary but unequal, embodied the Gallic singularity; the royal mistress exercised a civilizing manner and the soft power of women on the king’s behalf. However, both her contemporaries and nineteenth- and early twentieth-century historians were uncomfortable with the mistress’s political power. Furthermore, paradoxical attitudes about French womanhood have led to analyses of her role that are often contradictory. Royal mistresses have simultaneously been celebrated for their civilizing effect in the realm of culture, chided for their frivolous expenditures on clothing and jewelry, and excoriated for their dangerous meddling in politics. Their increasing visibility in the political realm by the eighteenth century led many to blame Louis XV’s mistresses—along with Queen Marie-Antoinette, who exercised a similar influence over her husband, Louis XVI—for the degradation and eventual fall of the monarchy. This article reexamines the historiography of the royal mistress.

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Historical Fragments’ Mobile Echo

Transfers ◽

10.3167/trans.2017.070209 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 115-119 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Susan E. Bell ◽

Kathy Davis

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Twentieth Century ◽

Eighteenth Century ◽

Cultural Revolution ◽

Ming Dynasty ◽

Third Century ◽

Refugee Crisis ◽

The Third ◽

Opium War ◽

The Subject

Translocation – Transformation is an ambitious contribution to the subject of mobility. Materially, it interlinks seemingly disparate objects into a surprisingly unified exhibition on mobile histories and heritages: twelve bronze zodiac heads, silk and bamboo creatures, worn life vests, pressed Pu-erh tea, thousands of broken antique teapot spouts, and an ancestral wooden temple from the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) used by a tea-trading family. Historically and politically, the exhibition engages Chinese stories from the third century BCE, empires in eighteenth-century Austria and China, the Second Opium War in the nineteenth century, the Chinese Cultural Revolution of the mid-twentieth century, and today’s global refugee crisis.

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Orphans of the Empire: Lhasa’s Chinese Community from the Qing Era to the Early Twentieth Century

Modern China ◽

10.1177/0097700420969923 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 009770042096992

Author(s):

Huasha Zhang

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

Eighteenth Century ◽

Social Influence ◽

Significant Role ◽

Chinese Population ◽

Chinese Community ◽

Academic Assessment ◽

Early Twentieth Century ◽

Cultural Traits ◽

Early Eighteenth Century

This article analyzes the transformation of Lhasa’s Chinese community from the embodiment of an expansionist power in the early eighteenth century to the orphan of a fallen regime after the Qing Empire’s demise in 1911. Throughout the imperial era, this remote Chinese enclave represented Qing authority in Tibet and remained under the metropole’s strong political and social influence. Its members intermarried with the locals and adopted many Tibetan cultural traits. During the years surrounding the 1911 Xinhai Revolution, this community played a significant role in a series of interconnected political and ethnic confrontations that gave birth to the two antagonistic national bodies of Tibet and China. The community’s history and experiences challenge not only the academic assessment that Tibet’s Chinese population had fully assimilated into Tibetan society by the twentieth century but also the widespread image of pre-1951 Lhasa as a harmonious town of peaceful ethnic coexistence.

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What Is Enlightenment? Eighteenth-Century Answers and Twentieth-Century Questions

German Studies Review ◽

10.2307/1432403 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 126

Author(s):

David Lindenfeld ◽

James Schmidt

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

Eighteenth Century

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The Land, People, and Problems of America in Eighteenth-Century Spanish Literature

The Americas A Quarterly Review of Latin American History ◽

10.2307/979084 ◽

1956 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 363-384 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anthony Tudisco

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

Eighteenth Century ◽

Spanish Literature ◽

Social Scientist ◽

Mother Country ◽

The Social ◽

Colonial Empire ◽

National Life

Twentieth-Century historians accept the fact that history can no longer be viewed merely as past politics; it must now embrace all aspects of national life and thought—total history. In the study of a colonial empire, the social scientist must seek his sources not only in the colony but also in the mother country. The enumeration and analysis of American themes in the literature of imagination of eighteenth-century Spain can open new panoramas to the student of history since these themes reflect the ideas of the peninsular Spaniard and might help explain the reactions which they caused in the colonies.

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Voltaire, Philosopher of Human Progress

PMLA ◽

10.1632/460445 ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 74 (4-Part1) ◽

pp. 356-364

Author(s):

Virgil W. Topazio

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

Eighteenth Century ◽

Human Mind ◽

The Other ◽

Single Addition ◽

The One ◽

Natural Philosophers ◽

Popular Consent ◽

Positive Knowledge ◽

Separate Discipline

With the emergence of philosophy in the nineteenth century as a separate discipline which stressed primarily questions insoluble by empirical or formal methods, Voltaire's reputation as a philosopher has gone into gradual eclipse. It has become unfashionable and degrading for philosophers to concern themselves with the practical aspects of philosophical enquiry. In eighteenth-century France, on the other hand, the identification of philosophy with science, which by twentieth-century standards had vitiated philosophical thought, produced the “philosophes” or natural philosophers who were on the whole more interested in human progress than in the progress of the human mind. And Voltaire was by popular consent the leader of this “philosophe” group, the one who had unquestionably contributed the most in the struggle to make man a happier and freer member of society. Yet, ironically, despite a lifelong effort in behalf of humanity, Voltaire's reputation as a destructive thinker has steadily grown even as the critics have pejoratively classified him as a “practical” rather than a “real” philosopher. Typical of this criticism of Voltaire is Macaulay's statement: “Voltaire could not build: he could only pull down: he was the very Vitruvius of ruin. He has bequeathed to us not a single doctrine to be called by his name, not a single addition to the stock of our positive knowledge.”

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Fielding and Richardson

PMLA ◽

10.2307/460828 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 81 (5) ◽

pp. 381-388

Author(s):

William Park

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

Eighteenth Century ◽

Human Nature ◽

General Type ◽

Common Ground ◽

The Other ◽

The Novel ◽

Tom Jones ◽

The Common ◽

The One

But the Discovery [of when to laugh and when to cry] was reserved for this Age, and there are two Authors now living in this Metropolis, who have found out the Art, and both brother Biographers, the one of Tom Jones, and the other of Clarissa.author of Charlotte SummersRather than discuss the differences which separate Fielding and Richardson, I propose to survey the common ground which they share with each other and with other novelists of the 1740's and 50's. In other words I am suggesting that these two masters, their contemporaries, and followers have made use of the same materials and that as a result the English novels of the mid-eighteenth century may be regarded as a distinct historic version of a general type of literature. Most readers, it seems to me, do not make this distinction. They either think that the novel is always the same, or they believe that one particular group of novels, such as those written in the early twentieth century, is the form itself. In my opinion, however, we should think of the novel as we do of the drama. No one kind of drama, such as Elizabethan comedy or Restoration comedy, is the drama itself; instead, each is a particular manifestation of the general type. Each kind bears some relationship to the others, but at the same time each has its own identity, which we usually call its conventions. By conventions I mean not only stock characters, situations, and themes, but also notions and assumptions about the novel, human nature, society, and the cosmos itself. If we compare one kind of novel to another without first considering the conventions of each, we are likely to make the same mistake that Thomas Rymer did when he blamed Shakespeare for not conforming to the canons of classical French drama.

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Handel to Tempah

Migrant City ◽

10.12987/yale/9780300210972.003.0011 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 281-306

Author(s):

Panikos Panayi

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Twentieth Century ◽

Eighteenth Century ◽

National Level ◽

Cultural Transfer ◽

External Influences ◽

Short Run ◽

Early Eighteenth Century ◽

Evolution Of Music

This chapter explores how migrants have contributed to the evolution of music in London. Despite episodes of xenophobia in the London musical scene, xenophilia became stronger, partly driven by the fact that both music and musicians inevitably migrate. This is so that, while national traditions of music may emerge, the process of cultural transfer involving both sound and people mean that such traditions cannot remain sealed off from external influences, even if they may develop national-level identities, at least in the short run. While music and musicians crossed European boundaries, during the twentieth century both performers and their tunes have increasingly spanned global and consequently racial divides. The German assertion that nineteenth-century Britain constituted a ‘Land ohne Musik’ (land without music), while an exaggeration, partly explains the arrival of foreign musicians to Victorian London and the eras before and since. The constant settlement and visits by musicians to the British capital since the early eighteenth century meant that London did not become a city without music, even if the tunes and those who played them often originated from abroad.

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Nueva York 1916. La ciudad sin límites | New York 1916. Unlimited city

ZARCH ◽

10.26754/ojs_zarch/zarch.201782148 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 90

Author(s):

José Durán Fernández

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Twentieth Century ◽

New York City ◽

Urban Planning ◽

20Th Century ◽

Urban Space ◽

York City ◽

Planning System ◽

Siglo Xx ◽

The City

La Ciudad de Nueva York fue pionera en la aplicación de un sistema de planificación de control urbano que pusiera orden y concierto a una ciudad que rebasa los 5 millones de habitantes a principios del siglo XX. Tal complejo organismo urbano, inédito hasta ese momento, fue objeto del más ambicioso plan urbano sobre una ciudad construida.Este artículo se destina al estudio de este originario plan urbano de 1916, el cual sentaría las bases, unas ciertamente visionarias otras excesivas, de la construcción de la Ciudad de Nueva York en todo el siglo XX. La Building Zone Resolution se creó con dos fines: resolver los problemas de congestión humana en un espacio reducido, la ciudad del presente, y proponer una visión del espacio urbano en las décadas venideras, la ciudad del futuro.El artículo es un compendio de diez textos cortos y un epílogo, que junto a sus respectivos diez documentos gráficos, construyen el corpus de la investigación. El lector pues se enfrenta a un ensayo gráfico formado por pequeños capítulos que le sumergirán en los orígenes de la primera ciudad vertical de la historia.PALABRAS CLAVE: Nueva York; Planeamiento; Visión urbana.The city of New York was a pioneer in the implementation of an urban control planning system that set in order a city that exceeds five million people in the early twentieth century. Such complex urban organism – invaluable until that moment – was the target for the most ambitious urban planning on a built city.This paper focuses on the study of this initial urban planning from 1916, which would set the basis, certainly some visionary yet others excessive, for the building of New York City throughout the 20th century. The Building Zone Resolution was created with two purposes: to solve the issues related to the human bundle in a limited space, the city of the present, and to aim a vision of the urban space in the forthcoming decades, the city of the future.The article is a compendium of ten short texts and one epilogue, which in combination with ten graphic documents, frame the corpus of this investigation. Thus, the reader will face a graphic essay composed by a series of brief chapters that highlight the beginning of the first vertical city in history.KEYWORDS: New York; Planning; Urban vision.

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