Immune System Under Fire: The Rise of Food Immune Reaction and Autoimmunity

2020 ◽  
pp. 843-862
Author(s):  
Aristo Vojdani ◽  
Elroy Vojdani ◽  
Charlene Vojdani
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Reaction

scholarly journals Mobilizing Endogenous Repair Through Understanding Immune Reaction With Biomaterials

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Karkanitsa ◽  
Parinaz Fathi ◽  
Tran Ngo ◽  
Kaitlyn Sadtler
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Tissue Repair ◽  
Immune Reaction ◽  
Cell Behavior ◽  
Physical Trauma ◽  
Injured Tissue ◽  
Natural Healing

With few exceptions, humans are incapable of fully recovering from severe physical trauma. Due to these limitations, the field of regenerative medicine seeks to find clinically viable ways to repair permanently damaged tissue. There are two main approaches to regenerative medicine: promoting endogenous repair of the wound, or transplanting a material to replace the injured tissue. In recent years, these two methods have fused with the development of biomaterials that act as a scaffold and mobilize the body’s natural healing capabilities. This process involves not only promoting stem cell behavior, but by also inducing activity of the immune system. Through understanding the immune interactions with biomaterials, we can understand how the immune system participates in regeneration and wound healing. In this review, we will focus on biomaterials that promote endogenous tissue repair, with discussion on their interactions with the immune system.

From the Symbolic Stimulus to the Pathophysiologic Response: Immune Mechanisms

1974 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 541-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred Amkraut ◽  
George F. Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Reaction ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Emotional Factors ◽  
Immune Balance ◽  
Entire Matrix ◽  
Major Target

Indirect evidence from a variety of sources, particularly clinical studies of emotional and stress factors in the onset and course of diseases associated with dysfunction or hypofunction of the immune system (infectious, allergic, autoimmune and neoplastic), support the notion that experiential factors can influence the functions of the immune system, presumably via neuroendocrine mediation. We dissect the immunologic system into its components in order to find identifiable targets within disease processes that are stress-responsive. The immune system can be divided into three limbs: afferent, comprising presentation of antigen; central, in which different classes of cells give rise to immune responses; and efferent, concerned with the sequelae of immunization. We must also consider sites in which the immune reaction occurs. We try to defend the assumption that emotional factors lead to small alterations in “immune balance” that can convert latent or mild illness to manifest or severe illness. We consider the interaction of specific components of the immune response with a variety of stress-responsive hormones and with cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP. We also speculate on the possibility of direct central nervous system influence on the immune response, particularly via the thymus which plays an endocrine role in immunologic competence. We outline a variety of influences hormones can play on specific components of each limb of the immune response. Since the interaction of neuroendocrine and immune systems no doubt involves an interplay of multiple mechanisms with multiple targets in the immune system, establishing and studying relationships within the entire matrix will be necessary. Evidence so far suggests that stress affects chiefly the efferent, and to some extent the afferent, limbs of the immune system and that macrophage activities are probably a major target.

Interactions between gut-associated lymphoid tissue and colonization levels of indigenous, segmented, filamentous bacteria in the small intestine of mice

1998 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 1177-1182 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Snel ◽  
C C Hermsen ◽  
H J Smits ◽  
N A Bos ◽  
WMC Eling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Immune Reaction ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Filamentous Bacteria ◽  
Segmented Filamentous Bacteria ◽  
Swiss Mice ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Old Mice

Unlike most other indigenous bacteria, segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) are potent activators of the mucosal immune system. SFB are strongly anchored to the epithelial cells of the small intestine where they have a preference for mucosal lymphoid epithelium. Since SFB are only present in high numbers shortly after weaning, it was investigated whether an SFB-induced immune reaction results in the removal of these bacteria from the small intestine. A correlation was found between age and colonization levels in the small intestines of SFB monoassociated Swiss mice. Five-week-old athymic BALB/c (nu/nu) mice showed lower colonization levels than their heterozygous littermates, but the opposite was found at the age of 12 weeks. However, SFB inoculation of germfree Swiss mice resulted in higher colonization levels in 5-week-old mice when compared with 4-month-old mice. We conclude that SFB colonization levels in the small intestine are likely influenced by the activity of the mucosal immune system. However, an additional age-dependent factor that modulates SFB colonization levels cannot be excluded.Key words: segmented filamentous bacteria, small intestine, gut-associated lymphoid tissue.

Cytokines: The Game Changer in Pathogenesis of Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Feedback Loop ◽  
Immune Reaction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Severe Reaction ◽  
The World ◽  
Corona Viruses ◽  
Game Changer

A small particle of the size about 100 micrometers (SARS-V2) has shaken the world. In some Covid-19 patients a severe immune reaction was found in which cells release too many cytokines into the blood too quickly. Cytokines are regulators of host responses to infection, immune responses, inflammation, and trauma. In addition, cytokines activate those cells, stimulating them to produce more cytokines. Normally, this feedback loop is kept in check by the body. Some cytokines act to make disease worse. Cytokine storms might explain why some people have a severe reaction to corona viruses while others only experience mild symptoms. They could also be the reason why younger people are less affected, as their immune systems are less developed and so produce lower levels of inflammation-driving cytokines. Since, in early 2020, Covid -19 became pandemic, globally multi-pronged research started to get rid of corona virus 2 (SARSCoV-2) [1, 2]. For such a task, it was necessary to understand the pathogenesis of covid-19, due to the fact that SARS-CoV-2, is new and its mechanism of action and its interrelationship with the human body organs is not fully known yet. Nevertheless, it is known that all viruses and bacteria when invade the body interact with the immune system, inflammation starts and if the immune system cannot get rid of the invaders, pathogenesis starts.

Effect of Suppressed Emotions on Health—Homoeopathic Aspect

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (03) ◽  
pp. 141-144
Author(s):  
Ramesh Supadu Bawaskar ◽  
Vaishali Haribhau Shinde
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Reaction ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Body Axis ◽  
Transition Theory ◽  
Epidemiologic Transition ◽  
Disease Pattern ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Lifestyle Diseases ◽  
Mental Well Being

AbstractThe disease pattern shifting nowadays is beyond the epidemiologic transition theory. The multifarious change in patterns of health and disease depends on demographic, psychological and socio-economical determinants and their consequences. It is strongly evident that disease pattern is shifting from communicable to lifestyle diseases.There is an association between mental well-being and the immune system, which can be either overactive or suppressed, leading to related diseases disturbance of mind–body axis that has an effect on several aspects of the immune reaction through behavioural, neural and endocrine reactions to stimuli.

Role of the surface coat of Romanomermis culicivorax in immune evasion

Nematology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Platzer ◽  
Randy Gaugler ◽  
Muhammad Shamseldean
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Immune Reaction ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Surface Coat ◽  
Mermithid Nematode ◽  
Host Parasite

AbstractInteractions of the mermithid nematode Romanomermis culicivorax with the immune system of mosquito larvae were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The host immune system rapidly recognised invading parasites, as granulocytes and discharged granules were observed attached to parasitic nematodes within 5 min. Melanin deposition was infrequently observed. As a counter measure, the parasites secreted and shed an extracellular surface coat which aided immune evasion. During the first 4 days of infection, when parasite growth was limited, the coat served as a disposable, renewable barrier between parasite and host that was intermittently shed to cleanse the nematode of adhering host immune products. In the later infection phase the parasite grew rapidly and was beyond the effect of the depleted host immune response. The broad host range of R. culcivorax within culicines may be partly a function of the nonspecific defence it mounts against the host immune system. In summary, shedding of the surface coat is an adaptive counter response by R. culicivorax to the mosquito immune reaction to infection and provides a classic example of host-parasite coevolution.

scholarly journals BNT162b2 Vaccine: possible codons misreading, errors in protein synthesis and alternative splicing's anomalies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kira Smith
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Alternative Splicing ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
Codon Usage ◽  
Cell Nucleus ◽  
Immune Reaction ◽  
Protein S

BNT162b2 vaccine against Covid-19 is composed of an RNA having 4284 nucleotides, divided into 6 sections, which bring the information to create a factory of S Spike proteins, the ones used by Sars-CoV-2 (Covid-19) to infect the host. After that, these proteins are directed outside the cell, triggering the immune reaction and antibody production. The problem is the heavy alteration of the mRNA: Uracil is replaced to fool the immune system with Ψ (Pseudouridine); the letters of all codon triplets are replaced by a C or a G, to extremely increase the speed of protein synthesis; replacement of some amino acids with Proline; addition of a sequence (3’-UTR) with unknown alteration. These impairments could cause strong doubts about the presence of codon usage errors. An eventual mistranslation has consequences on the pathophysiology of a variety of diseases.In addition, mRNA injected is a pre-mRNA, which can lead to the multiple mature mRNAs; these are alternative splicing anomalies, direct source of serious long-term harm on the human health. In essence, what will be created may not be identical with protein S Spike: just an error in translational decoding, codons misreading, production of different amino acids, then proteins, to cause serious long-term damage to human health, despite the DNA is not modified, being instead in the cell nucleus and not in the cytoplasm, where the modified mRNA arrives. However, in this case, the correlation between speed of synthesis and protein expression with synthesis errors, as well as the mechanism that could affect the translation of the sequence remain obscure, many trials have not yet been performed.

THEORY OF MECHANICAL IMMUNOLOGY

2003 ◽  
Vol 03 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 285-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
BORROS M. ARNETH
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Reaction ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Protein Structures ◽  
Cd4 Cells ◽  
Cell Interior ◽  
Autoantibody Production ◽  
Mhc Ii ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
A And B Cells

Numerous autoimmune illnesses are not only caused by defects of the immune system but may also be caused by defects in anatomical barriers. Morphologically, most of these barriers consist of basal membranes combined with epithelial cells or, more precisely, their cell membranes. In many organs, these barriers are associated with specialized, phagocytizing cells (e.g. histiocytes, macrophages, microglial cells A and B cells in joints). A collapse of these anatomical barriers caused either by mechanical effects (invasion by micro-organisms) or destructive tumor growth, leads to contact between macrophages and the CD4 lymphocytes, with protein structures of the cell interior. In principle, many intracellular structures should be able to function, on this basis, as potential antigens via MHC II. Contact between intracellular structures and the immune system first leads to a restricted local immune reaction and then to local autoantibody production. In order that a systemic immune reaction can take place, the contact between macrophages, CD4 cells and intracellular structures must occur over a long period and with high intensity. As a desirable, remote target, new clinical therapeutic strategies can be developed from this theory, for example, for patients with cell damage. Examples of such illnesses are, amongst others, cardiac infarcts and strokes as well as accident traumas. An immunosuppressive therapy should reduce the immune reply in all the patients mentioned and thus reduce the volume of the cell damage, giving the patient an advantage.

scholarly journals Main erythrocyte antigens involved in the alloimmunization process

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mário Cézar De Oliveira ◽  
Aline Akemi Segatti Ido
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Immune Reaction ◽  
Transfusion Reaction ◽  
Lymphoproliferative Diseases ◽  
Transfusion Therapy ◽  
Large Numbers

Erythrocyte alloimmunization occurs when an individual produces antibodies to antigens on the donor's red blood cell, which the immune system identifies as a foreign element to the organism. It represents one of the greatest risks faced by patients undergoing transfusion therapy, reducing the possibility of finding compatible red blood cells in future transfusions. The immune system of the human being has the ability to recognize what is proper to its genome from what is not proper, being able to stimulate an immune reaction against foreign substances. Upon contact with different antigens present in the donor red blood cell, the recipient of the blood may trigger an immune response by generating antibodies against nonself antigens due to sensitization, such as post-pregnancy or primary transfusion, which may trigger lysis of transfused red blood cells. Exposure to large numbers of nonself antigens may lead to the formation of alloantibodies causing intra- or extravascular haemolytic transfusion reaction. Polytransfused patients are more likely to develop alloantibodies, approximately 1% for each transfused unit. This percentage may be higher in sickle cell patients (36%), thalassemia patients (10%) and people with myelo and lymphoproliferative diseases (9%).

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