scholarly journals Revisiting Loneliness: Individual and Country-Level Changes

2021 ◽  
pp. 99-117
Author(s):  
Deborah Morgan ◽  
Lena Dahlberg ◽  
Charles Waldegrave ◽  
Sarmitė Mikulionienė ◽  
Gražina Rapolienė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Deprivation ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Deprivation Level ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Frequency Of Contact ◽  
Health Aging ◽  
Partnership Status ◽  
Micro Level

AbstractThe links between loneliness and overall morbidity and mortality are well known, and this has profound implications for quality of life and health and welfare budgets. Most studies have been cross-sectional allowing for conclusions on correlates of loneliness, but more recently, some longitudinal studies have revealed also micro-level predictors of loneliness. Since the majority of studies focused on one country, conclusions on macro-level drivers of loneliness are scarce. This chapter examines the impact of micro- and macro-level drivers of loneliness and loneliness change in 11 European countries. The chapter draws on longitudinal data from 2013 and 2015 from the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), combined with macro-level data from additional sources. The multivariable analysis revealed the persistence of loneliness over time, which is a challenge for service providers and policy makers. Based on this cross-national and longitudinal study we observed that micro-level drivers known from previous research (such as gender, health and partnership status, frequency of contact with children), and changes therein had more impact on loneliness and change therein than macro-level drivers such as risk of poverty, risk of social deprivation, level of safety in the neighbourhood.

scholarly journals Exclusion From Social Relations and Loneliness: Individual and Country-Level Changes

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 712-713
Author(s):  
Marja Aartsen ◽  
Deborah Morgan ◽  
Lena Dahlberg ◽  
Charles Waldegrave ◽  
Sarmitė Mikulionienė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Deprivation ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Frequency Of Contact ◽  
Health Aging ◽  
Partnership Status ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
National Perspective

Abstract Social isolation and loneliness have profound implications for quality of life and health and welfare budgets, but interventions to reduce loneliness are limited effective. The aim of this study is to examine the often-ignored impact of macro-level drivers of loneliness, in addition to micro-level drivers by adopting a cross-national perspective. We use longitudinal data from 2013 and 2015 from the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), combined with macro-level data from additional sources. Our study confirms that key micro-level drivers of loneliness are gender, health and partnership status, frequency of contact with children and changes therein. Macro level drivers are level of safety in the neighbourhood, and poverty and social deprivation of a society. In order to understand and reduce loneliness we require not just a focus on individual risk factors, behaviours and expectations, but also on macro-level factors that are associated with exclusion from social relations.

scholarly journals A Performance Evaluation Model for Global Macro Funds

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Adam Zaremba
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Size Effects ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Performance Evaluation Model ◽  
The Cross ◽  
French Model

<p>The paper concentrates on value and size effects in country portfolios. It contributes to academic literature threefold. First, I provide fresh evidence that the value and size effects may be useful in explaining the cross-sectional variation in country returns. The computations are based on a broad sample of 66 countries in years 2000-2013. Second, I document that the country-level value and size effects are indifferent to currency conversions. Finally, I introduce an alternative macro-level Fama-French model, which, contrary to its prototype, employs country-based factors. I show that applying this modification makes the model more successful in evaluation of funds with global investment mandate than the standard CAPM and FF models.</p>

scholarly journals Food environment, social deprivation and obesity among students from Brazilian public schools

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1920-1927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maíra Macário de Assis ◽  
Maria Alvim Leite ◽  
Ariene Silva do Carmo ◽  
Amanda Cristina de Souza Andrade ◽  
Milene Cristine Pessoa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Food Environment ◽  
Social Deprivation ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
Deprivation Level ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between social deprivation and the food environment. Furthermore, to evaluate if the food environment is associated with the prevalence of obesity among students in Brazilian public schools.DesignCross-sectional. For the classification of obesity, weight and height were measured, and the cut-off point of BMI-for-age Z-score >+2 was adopted. Social deprivation level was determined from the Health Vulnerability Index (HVI). To assess the food environment, the density of food establishments in urban residential areas was calculated. Associations between the food environment and the presence of obesity were estimated by binary logistic regression through a generalized estimating equations model.SettingJuiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.SubjectsChildren and adolescents (n 661) aged 7–14 years.ResultsThe lowest social deprivation level showed a higher density of all types of establishments that sold predominantly unhealthy foods. An inverse association was found between the density of supermarkets and hypermarkets and the presence of obesity (OR=0·58; 95 % CI 0·36, 0·93). For the other categories of food retailers, no significant differences were found.ConclusionsThe findings reinforce the need for public policies that promote equality in the food environments of the city. Also, further investigations into the influence of the presence of supermarkets on the nutritional status of children and adolescents are required.

A Multilevel Ecological Analysis of the Predictors of Spanking Across 65 Countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaitlin P. Ward ◽  
Andrew Grogan-Kaylor ◽  
Garrett Todd Pace ◽  
Jorge Cuartas ◽  
Shawna J. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Physical Punishment ◽  
World Health ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Violence Against Children ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Health Organization

Objective: Ending violence against children is critical to promote the health and socioemotional development of children across the globe. To this end, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have called for the abolishment of spanking, which is the most pervasive form of physical violence against children worldwide. This study used an ecological perspective to examine micro- and macro-level predictors of parental spanking across 65 countries. Participants: Data came from the fourth and fifth rounds of the UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, which were administered between 2009-2017 (N = 613,861 households). We examined the predictors of spanking using multilevel logistic regression analysis. Results: Micro-level factors (i.e., those observed at the familial level) were stronger predictors of spanking in comparison to macro-level factors (i.e., those observed at the community and country level). Caregiver belief that children need physical punishment in order to be raised properly was the largest risk factor for spanking (OR = 2.55, p &lt; .001). Older child age, the child being female, the head of the household having a secondary education or higher, and higher household wealth score were protective factors against spanking, while a higher number of people living in the household was a risk factor for spanking. Living in an urban community was the only macro-level factor associated with spanking. Conclusions: Intervention at the micro level and macro level are important to reduce violence against children across the globe.

scholarly journals Multilevel ecological analysis of the predictors of spanking across 65 countries

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. e046075
Author(s):  
Kaitlin Paxton Ward ◽  
Andrew Grogan-Kaylor ◽  
Garrett T Pace ◽  
Jorge Cuartas ◽  
Shawna Lee
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Physical Punishment ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Ecological Analysis ◽  
Violence Against Children ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Multiple Indicator ◽  
Micro Level

ObjectiveEnding violence against children is critical to promote the health and socioemotional development of children across the globe. To this end, the UNICEF and the WHO have called for the abolishment of spanking, which is the most pervasive form of physical violence against children worldwide. This study used an ecological perspective to examine micro-level and macro-level predictors of parental spanking across 65 countries.ParticipantsData came from the fourth and fifth rounds of the UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, which were administered between 2009 and 2017 (N=613 861 households). We examined the predictors of spanking using multilevel logistic regression analysis.ResultsMicro-level factors (ie, those observed at the familial level) were stronger predictors of spanking in comparison to macro-level factors (ie, those observed at the community and country level). Caregiver belief that children need physical punishment in order to be raised properly was the largest risk factor for spanking (OR=2.55, p<0.001). Older child age, the child being female, the head of the household having a secondary education or higher, and higher household wealth were protective factors against spanking, while a higher number of people living in the household was a risk factor for spanking. Living in an urban community was the only macro-level factor associated with spanking.ConclusionsIntervention at the micro-level and macro-level are important to reduce violence against children across the globe.

scholarly journals A national population-based study of patients, bystanders and contextual factors associated with resuscitation in witnessed cardiac arrest: insight from the french RéAC registry

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul-Georges Reuter ◽  
Valentine Baert ◽  
Hélène Colineaux ◽  
Joséphine Escutnaire ◽  
Nicolas Javaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Social Deprivation ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
National Level ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Neurological Status ◽  
Deprivation Level ◽  
National Registry ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background In out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), bystander initiated cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) increases the chance of return of spontaneous circulation and survival with a favourable neurological status. Socioeconomic disparities have been highlighted in OHCA field. In areas with the lowest average socioeconomic status, OHCA incidence increased, and bystander CPR decreased. Evaluations were performed on restricted geographical area, and European evaluation is lacking. We aimed to analyse, at a national level, the impact of area-level social deprivation on the initiation of CPR in case of a witnessed OHCA. Methods We included all witnessed OHCA cases with age over 18 years from July 2011 to July 2018 form the OHCA French national registry. We excluded OHCA occurred in front of rescue teams or in nursing home, and patients with incomplete address or partial geocoding. We collected data from context, bystander and patient. The area-level social deprivation was estimated by the French version of the European Deprivation Index (in quintile) associated with the place where OHCA occurred. We assessed the associations between Utstein variables and social deprivation level using a mixed-effect logit model with bystander-initiated CPR. Results We included 23,979 witnessed OHCA of which 12,299 (51%) had a bystander-initiated CPR. More than one third of the OHCA (8,326 (35%)) occurred in an area from the highest quintile of social deprivation. The higher the area-level deprivation, the less the proportion of bystander-initiated CPR (56% in Quintile 1 versus 48% in Quintile 5). The In the multivariable analysis, bystander less often began CPR in areas with the highest deprivation level, compared to those with the lowest deprivation level (OR=0.69, IC95%: 0.63-0.75). Conclusions The level of social deprivation of the area where OHCA occurred was associated with bystander-initiated CPR. It decreased in the more deprived areas although these areas also concentrate more younger patients.

scholarly journals Organizational and economic conditions for ensuring the quality of arrangement and provision of sports services (the case of sports events)

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 175-183
Author(s):  
E. A. Mozhelev
Keyword(s):  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Sports Events ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Micro Level

The author of the article specifies the essence of the concept «organizational and economic conditions for ensuring the quality of arrangement and provision of sports services» and what is more, identifies and describes the main types of organizational and economic conditions for ensuring the quality of sports services at the macro level (at country level) and micro level (at the level of certain organizations), with reference to which the system of organizational and economic conditions for ensuring the quality of arrangement and provision of sports services (the case of sports events) is developed.

scholarly journals A Performance Evaluation Model for Global Macro Funds

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-172
Author(s):  
Adam Zaremba
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Size Effects ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Performance Evaluation Model ◽  
The Cross ◽  
French Model

The paper concentrates on value and size effects in country portfolios. It contributes to academic literature threefold. First, I provide fresh evidence that the value and size effects may be useful in explaining the cross-sectional variation in country returns. The computations are based on a broad sample of 66 countries in years 2000-2013. Second, I document that the country-level value and size effects are indifferent to currency conversions. Finally, I introduce an alternative macro-level Fama-French model, which, contrary to its prototype, employs country-based factors. I show that applying this modification makes the model more successful in evaluation of funds with global investment mandate than the standard CAPM and FF models.

Varieties of non-obvious meaning in CL and CADS: from ‘hindsight post-dictability’ to sweet serendipity

Corpora ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Partington
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Corpus Linguistics ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Discourse Studies ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Special Relevance

In this paper, I want to examine the special relevance of (non)obviousness in corpus linguistics through drawing on case studies. The research discussion is divided into two parts. The first is an examination of (non)obviousness at the micro-level, that is, in lexico-grammatical analyses, whilst the second looks at the more macro-level of (non)obviousness on the plane of discourse. In the final sections, I will examine various types of non-obvious meaning one can come across in Corpus-assisted Discourse Studies (CADS), which range from: ‘I knew that all along (now)’ to ‘that's interesting’ to ‘I sensed that but didn't know why’ (intuitive impressions and corpus-assisted explanations) to ‘I never even knew I never knew that’ (serendipity or ‘non-obvious non-obviousness’, analogous to ‘unknown unknowns’).

Panpsychism versus Panprotopsychism and the Subject-Summing Problem

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Goff
Keyword(s):  
Macro Level ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Combination Problem ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Russellian Monism ◽  
Nature Of Matter

This is the first of two chapters discussing the most notorious problem facing Russellian monism: the combination problem. This is actually a family of difficulties, each reflecting the challenge of how to make sense of everyday human and animal experience intelligibly arising from more fundamental conscious or protoconscious features of reality. Key challenges facing panpsychist and panpsychist forms of Russellian monism are considered. With respect to panprotopsychism, there is the worry that it collapses into noumenalism: the view that human beings, by their very nature, are unable to understand the concrete, categorical nature of matter. With respect to panpsychism, there is the subject-summing problem: the difficulty making sense of how micro-level conscious subjects combine to produce macro-level conscious subjects. A solution to the subject-summing problem is proposed, and it is ultimately argued that panpsychist forms of the Russellian monism are to be preferred on grounds of simplicity and elegance.

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