scholarly journals Multilevel ecological analysis of the predictors of spanking across 65 countries

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. e046075
Author(s):  
Kaitlin Paxton Ward ◽  
Andrew Grogan-Kaylor ◽  
Garrett T Pace ◽  
Jorge Cuartas ◽  
Shawna Lee
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Physical Punishment ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Ecological Analysis ◽  
Violence Against Children ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Multiple Indicator ◽  
Micro Level

ObjectiveEnding violence against children is critical to promote the health and socioemotional development of children across the globe. To this end, the UNICEF and the WHO have called for the abolishment of spanking, which is the most pervasive form of physical violence against children worldwide. This study used an ecological perspective to examine micro-level and macro-level predictors of parental spanking across 65 countries.ParticipantsData came from the fourth and fifth rounds of the UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, which were administered between 2009 and 2017 (N=613 861 households). We examined the predictors of spanking using multilevel logistic regression analysis.ResultsMicro-level factors (ie, those observed at the familial level) were stronger predictors of spanking in comparison to macro-level factors (ie, those observed at the community and country level). Caregiver belief that children need physical punishment in order to be raised properly was the largest risk factor for spanking (OR=2.55, p<0.001). Older child age, the child being female, the head of the household having a secondary education or higher, and higher household wealth were protective factors against spanking, while a higher number of people living in the household was a risk factor for spanking. Living in an urban community was the only macro-level factor associated with spanking.ConclusionsIntervention at the micro-level and macro-level are important to reduce violence against children across the globe.

A Multilevel Ecological Analysis of the Predictors of Spanking Across 65 Countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaitlin P. Ward ◽  
Andrew Grogan-Kaylor ◽  
Garrett Todd Pace ◽  
Jorge Cuartas ◽  
Shawna J. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Physical Punishment ◽  
World Health ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Violence Against Children ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Health Organization

Objective: Ending violence against children is critical to promote the health and socioemotional development of children across the globe. To this end, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have called for the abolishment of spanking, which is the most pervasive form of physical violence against children worldwide. This study used an ecological perspective to examine micro- and macro-level predictors of parental spanking across 65 countries. Participants: Data came from the fourth and fifth rounds of the UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, which were administered between 2009-2017 (N = 613,861 households). We examined the predictors of spanking using multilevel logistic regression analysis. Results: Micro-level factors (i.e., those observed at the familial level) were stronger predictors of spanking in comparison to macro-level factors (i.e., those observed at the community and country level). Caregiver belief that children need physical punishment in order to be raised properly was the largest risk factor for spanking (OR = 2.55, p &lt; .001). Older child age, the child being female, the head of the household having a secondary education or higher, and higher household wealth score were protective factors against spanking, while a higher number of people living in the household was a risk factor for spanking. Living in an urban community was the only macro-level factor associated with spanking. Conclusions: Intervention at the micro level and macro level are important to reduce violence against children across the globe.

scholarly journals Revisiting Loneliness: Individual and Country-Level Changes

2021 ◽  
pp. 99-117
Author(s):  
Deborah Morgan ◽  
Lena Dahlberg ◽  
Charles Waldegrave ◽  
Sarmitė Mikulionienė ◽  
Gražina Rapolienė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Deprivation ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Deprivation Level ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Frequency Of Contact ◽  
Health Aging ◽  
Partnership Status ◽  
Micro Level

AbstractThe links between loneliness and overall morbidity and mortality are well known, and this has profound implications for quality of life and health and welfare budgets. Most studies have been cross-sectional allowing for conclusions on correlates of loneliness, but more recently, some longitudinal studies have revealed also micro-level predictors of loneliness. Since the majority of studies focused on one country, conclusions on macro-level drivers of loneliness are scarce. This chapter examines the impact of micro- and macro-level drivers of loneliness and loneliness change in 11 European countries. The chapter draws on longitudinal data from 2013 and 2015 from the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), combined with macro-level data from additional sources. The multivariable analysis revealed the persistence of loneliness over time, which is a challenge for service providers and policy makers. Based on this cross-national and longitudinal study we observed that micro-level drivers known from previous research (such as gender, health and partnership status, frequency of contact with children), and changes therein had more impact on loneliness and change therein than macro-level drivers such as risk of poverty, risk of social deprivation, level of safety in the neighbourhood.

scholarly journals Global perspectives on physical and nonphysical discipline: A Bayesian multilevel analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 016502542098164
Author(s):  
Andrew Grogan-Kaylor ◽  
Berenice Castillo ◽  
Garrett T. Pace ◽  
Kaitlin P. Ward ◽  
Julie Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Logistic Models ◽  
Physical Punishment ◽  
Verbal Reasoning ◽  
Socioemotional Functioning ◽  
Global Perspectives ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Rights Of The Child ◽  
The United Nations

Background and Objective: Sixty countries worldwide have banned the use of physical punishment, yet little is known about the association of physical and nonphysical forms of child discipline with child development in a global context. The objective of this study is to examine whether physical punishment and nonphysical discipline are associated with child socioemotional functioning in a global sample of families from 62 countries and whether country-level normativeness of physical punishment and nonphysical discipline moderated those associations. Methods: Data for this study are from 215,885 families in the fourth and fifth rounds of the United Nations Children’s Fund Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. Bayesian multilevel logistic models were used to analyze the associations of physical punishment and nonphysical discipline (i.e., taking away privileges and verbal reasoning) with three different outcomes representing children’s socioemotional functioning: getting along well with other children, aggression, and becoming distracted. Results: The use of physical punishment was not associated with getting along with other children, was associated with increased aggression, and was associated with increases in distraction. Taking away privileges was associated with lower levels of getting along with other children, higher levels of aggression, and higher levels of becoming distracted. Verbal reasoning (i.e., explaining why a behavior was wrong) was associated with higher levels of getting along with other children, higher levels of aggression, and higher levels of becoming distracted. Country-level normativeness moderated some of these associations but in general the direction of effects was consistent. Conclusions: Results suggest that eliminating physical punishment would benefit children across the globe and align with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, which calls for all children to be free from physical violence. More attention needs to be focused on the associations of nonphysical forms of discipline with child functioning across the globe.

scholarly journals Exclusion From Social Relations and Loneliness: Individual and Country-Level Changes

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 712-713
Author(s):  
Marja Aartsen ◽  
Deborah Morgan ◽  
Lena Dahlberg ◽  
Charles Waldegrave ◽  
Sarmitė Mikulionienė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Deprivation ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Frequency Of Contact ◽  
Health Aging ◽  
Partnership Status ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
National Perspective

Abstract Social isolation and loneliness have profound implications for quality of life and health and welfare budgets, but interventions to reduce loneliness are limited effective. The aim of this study is to examine the often-ignored impact of macro-level drivers of loneliness, in addition to micro-level drivers by adopting a cross-national perspective. We use longitudinal data from 2013 and 2015 from the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), combined with macro-level data from additional sources. Our study confirms that key micro-level drivers of loneliness are gender, health and partnership status, frequency of contact with children and changes therein. Macro level drivers are level of safety in the neighbourhood, and poverty and social deprivation of a society. In order to understand and reduce loneliness we require not just a focus on individual risk factors, behaviours and expectations, but also on macro-level factors that are associated with exclusion from social relations.

scholarly journals PREDICTING ADULTS’ APPROVAL OF PHYSICAL PUNISHMENT FROM THEIR PERCEPTIONS OF THEIR CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
Joan E. Durrant ◽  
Elif Acar ◽  
Justin McNeil ◽  
Ailsa M. Watkinson ◽  
Anne McGillivray
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Physical Punishment ◽  
Emotional Impact ◽  
First Year ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Violence Against Children ◽  
Canadian Provinces ◽  
First Year University

Most physical violence against children in their homes is rooted in physical punishment. Parents’ approval of physical punishment is a primary predictor of its use. Therefore, reducing approval of physical punishment is critical to preventing physical violence against children. We explored the relative contributions of four variables to young adults’ approval of physical punishment with the aim of identifying effective routes to prevention. The participants were 480 first-year university students in 3 Canadian provinces. The outcome measure was a scale assessing participants’ approval of physical punishment. The predictor variables were four dimensions of participants’ perceptions of their childhood physical punishment experiences: physical (frequency, severity), cognitive (perceived abusiveness, perceived deservedness), affective (short- and long-term emotional impact), and contextual (degree to which it was accompanied by reasoning, power assertion, emotional abuse, or emotional support). Most (73%) of the participants had experienced physical punishment in childhood. Of these, 78% had experienced punishments other than mild spanking with the hand; one fifth had been pushed against a wall, and one third had been hit with objects. The strongest predictor of participants’ approval of physical punishment was a belief that their experiences were deserved. Reducing approval of physical punishment requires strategies to alter the perception that children deserve violence.

scholarly journals Organizational and economic conditions for ensuring the quality of arrangement and provision of sports services (the case of sports events)

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 175-183
Author(s):  
E. A. Mozhelev
Keyword(s):  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Sports Events ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Micro Level

The author of the article specifies the essence of the concept «organizational and economic conditions for ensuring the quality of arrangement and provision of sports services» and what is more, identifies and describes the main types of organizational and economic conditions for ensuring the quality of sports services at the macro level (at country level) and micro level (at the level of certain organizations), with reference to which the system of organizational and economic conditions for ensuring the quality of arrangement and provision of sports services (the case of sports events) is developed.

ASSOCIATION OF SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS WITH DIARRHEA IN CHILDREN LESS THAN FIVE YEARS: A SECONDARY ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE INDICATOR CLUSTER SURVEY SINDH 2014

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-89
Author(s):  
Muhammad Irfan ◽  
Syed Mustansir Hussain Zaidi ◽  
Hira Fatima Waseem
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Cluster Survey ◽  
Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Multiple Indicator ◽  
Mother Education ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors

Background: Diarrhea founds to be the major cause of morbidity and mortality in children less than five years. Various factors are associated with diarrhea but socio-demographic factors are the main key elements, which associated with diarrhea. Methods: This study was examined association of socio-demographic factors with diarrhea in children less than five years of age of Sindh, Pakistan, using data from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) conducted from January 2014 to August 2014. Data were collected for 18,108 children in whom 16,449 children had complete data of demographic variables being included in the analysis. Bivariate analysis was done using Pearson's Chi square test and multivariate analysis being done using binary logistic regression. Results: We found increased risk of diarrhea among children lives in rural areas while household wealth index quintile was also associated with diarrhea. Children in the poor, middle and fourth wealth index quintiles being at increased risk of diarrhea compared to children in the richest wealth index quintile. The highest risk of diarrhea was found for the child having mother with no education as well as children aged 12-23 months. Conclusion: Age of child, mother education and wealth index found significant with diarrhea while Male children, child aged 12-23 months, child with no mother education, child from rural areas and child from poor households found with high risk of diarrhea.

Varieties of non-obvious meaning in CL and CADS: from ‘hindsight post-dictability’ to sweet serendipity

Corpora ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Partington
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Corpus Linguistics ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Discourse Studies ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Special Relevance

In this paper, I want to examine the special relevance of (non)obviousness in corpus linguistics through drawing on case studies. The research discussion is divided into two parts. The first is an examination of (non)obviousness at the micro-level, that is, in lexico-grammatical analyses, whilst the second looks at the more macro-level of (non)obviousness on the plane of discourse. In the final sections, I will examine various types of non-obvious meaning one can come across in Corpus-assisted Discourse Studies (CADS), which range from: ‘I knew that all along (now)’ to ‘that's interesting’ to ‘I sensed that but didn't know why’ (intuitive impressions and corpus-assisted explanations) to ‘I never even knew I never knew that’ (serendipity or ‘non-obvious non-obviousness’, analogous to ‘unknown unknowns’).

Panpsychism versus Panprotopsychism and the Subject-Summing Problem

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Goff
Keyword(s):  
Macro Level ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Combination Problem ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Russellian Monism ◽  
Nature Of Matter

This is the first of two chapters discussing the most notorious problem facing Russellian monism: the combination problem. This is actually a family of difficulties, each reflecting the challenge of how to make sense of everyday human and animal experience intelligibly arising from more fundamental conscious or protoconscious features of reality. Key challenges facing panpsychist and panpsychist forms of Russellian monism are considered. With respect to panprotopsychism, there is the worry that it collapses into noumenalism: the view that human beings, by their very nature, are unable to understand the concrete, categorical nature of matter. With respect to panpsychism, there is the subject-summing problem: the difficulty making sense of how micro-level conscious subjects combine to produce macro-level conscious subjects. A solution to the subject-summing problem is proposed, and it is ultimately argued that panpsychist forms of the Russellian monism are to be preferred on grounds of simplicity and elegance.

Innovations in Objectively Measuring Corruption in Public Procurement

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihály Fazekas ◽  
Luciana Cingolani ◽  
Bence Tóth
Keyword(s):  
Public Procurement ◽  
Risk Indicators ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Measurement Instruments ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Government Purchases ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Supplier Risk ◽  
Expert Surveys ◽  
Do So

While there is continued interest in measuring governance, disagreement on how best to do so has only grown over time. To provide pointers at innovative and rigorous indicator building, this chapter documents innovations in measuring a particularly challenging governance dimension: corruption in public procurement. In hopes of inspiring future research, the chapter critically reviews objective corruption proxies using administrative data on government purchases falling in four broad categories: tendering risk indicators, political connections indicators, supplier risk indicators, and contracting body risk indicators. The findings indicate that the best measurement instruments focus on the transaction level (micro level) while allowing for consistent aggregations for time series and cross-country comparisons. Such actionable indicators capture behaviour as directly as possible rather than remaining at the country level. They also retain the relational or transactional aspects of governance, revealing a much more dynamic picture than widely used population and expert surveys.

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