scholarly journals Experimental Design

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-49
Author(s):  
Petr Mariel ◽  
David Hoyos ◽  
Jürgen Meyerhoff ◽  
Mikolaj Czajkowski ◽  
Thijs Dekker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Discrete Choice Experiment ◽  
Discrete Choice ◽  
Choice Experiment ◽  
Statistical Technique ◽  
Statistical Techniques ◽  
The Core ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Attribute Levels ◽  
Choice Tasks

AbstractThis chapter covers various issues related to the experimental design, a statistical technique at the core of a discrete choice experiment. Specifically, it focuses on the dimensionality of a choice experiment and the statistical techniques used to allocate attribute levels to choice tasks. Among others, the pros and cons of orthogonal designs, optimal orthogonal in the differences designs as well as efficient designs are addressed. The last section shows how a simulation exercise can help to test the appropriateness of the experimental design.

scholarly journals Product attributes important to US adult consumers’ use of electronic nicotine delivery systems: a discrete choice experiment

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. e027247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine E Kistler ◽  
Leah M Ranney ◽  
Erin L Sutfin ◽  
Keith Chrzan ◽  
Christopher J Wretman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Discrete Choice Experiment ◽  
Discrete Choice ◽  
Choice Experiment ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Product Attributes ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ◽  
Nicotine Delivery ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Choice Tasks

ObjectiveTo understand the importance of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) product attributes to adult consumers in the USA by age and gender.DesignCross-sectional survey with a discrete choice experiment (best–worst, case 2, scaling) of 19 choice tasks in which participants answered what would make them most want to use and least want to use an ENDS product.Setting and participantsA national sample of adults (aged 18+ years) in the USA who had tried an ENDS product at least once.MeasuresWe included 9 ENDS attributes with levels that varied across 19 choice tasks. We performed a multinomial logistic regression to obtain overall importance scores, attribute-level part-worth utilities and most important attribute.ResultsOf 660 participants, 81% were white, 51% women and 37% had at least a 4-year college degree with an average age of 42.0 years (SD ±19.4). The attributes had the following importance: harms of use 17.6%; general effects 14.1%; cessation aid 12.6%; purchase price 12.1%; monthly cost 12.0%; nicotine content 11.4%; flavour availability 8.4%; device design 7.2%; modifiability 4.6%. Harms of use was the most important attribute for all ages and genders (p<0.05); variation in other important attributes existed by age though not by gender.ConclusionThis study identified the importance of nine ENDS attributes. Perceived harms of use of ENDS use appeared most important, and modifiability was least important. Variation by consumer group existed, which may allow for targeted interventions to modify ENDS use.

scholarly journals Evaluation of strategies to communicate harmful and potentially harmful constituent (HPHC) information through cigarette package inserts: a discrete choice experiment

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 677-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramzi G Salloum ◽  
Jordan J Louviere ◽  
Kayla R Getz ◽  
Farahnaz Islam ◽  
Dien Anshari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Discrete Choice Experiment ◽  
Discrete Choice ◽  
Choice Experiment ◽  
Consumer Panel ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
The Us ◽  
Choice Sets ◽  
Attribute Levels ◽  
Online Consumer ◽  
Cigarette Package

BackgroundThe US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has regulatory authority to use inserts to communicate with consumers about harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) in tobacco products; however, little is known about the most effective manner for presenting HPHC information.MethodsIn a discrete choice experiment, participants evaluated eight choice sets, each of which showed two cigarette packages from four different brands and tar levels (high vs low), accompanied by an insert that included between-subject manipulations (ie, listing of HPHCs vs grouping by disease outcome and numeric values ascribed to HPHCs vs no numbers) and within-subject manipulations (ie, 1 of 4 warning topics; statement linking an HPHC with disease vs statement with no HPHC link). For each choice set, participants were asked: (1) which package is more harmful and (2) which motivates them to not smoke; each with a ’no difference' option. Alternative-specific logit models regressed choice on attribute levels.Results1212 participants were recruited from an online consumer panel (725 18–29-year-old smokers and susceptible non-smokers and 487 30–64-year-old smokers). Participants were more likely to endorse high-tar products as more harmful than low-tar products, with a greater effect when numeric HPHC information was present. Compared with a simple warning statement, the statement linking HPHCs with disease encouraged quit motivation.ConclusionsNumeric HPHC information on inserts appears to produce misunderstandings that some cigarettes are less harmful than others. Furthermore, brief narratives that link HPHCs to smoking-related disease may promote cessation versus communications that do not explicitly link HPHCs to disease.

scholarly journals Exploring how individuals complete the choice tasks in a discrete choice experiment: an interview study

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorien Veldwijk ◽  
Domino Determann ◽  
Mattijs S. Lambooij ◽  
Janine A. van Til ◽  
Ida J. Korfage ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Discrete Choice Experiment ◽  
Discrete Choice ◽  
Choice Experiment ◽  
Interview Study ◽  
Choice Tasks

scholarly journals The Value of Preventative Dental Care: A Discrete-Choice Experiment

2021 ◽  
pp. 002203452198994
Author(s):  
D. Boyers ◽  
M. van der Pol ◽  
V. Watson ◽  
T. Lamont ◽  
B. Goulao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Discrete Choice Experiment ◽  
Discrete Choice ◽  
Dental Care ◽  
Choice Experiment ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Care Service ◽  
User Preferences ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Choice Tasks

Scale and polish (SP) and oral hygiene advice (OHA) are commonly provided in primary care dental practice to help prevent periodontal disease. These services are widely consumed by service users, incurring substantial cost, without any clear evidence of clinical benefit. This article aims to elicit general population preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) for preventative dental care services and outcomes. An online discrete-choice experiment (DCE) was completed by a nationally representative sample of the UK general population. Respondents each answered 10 choice tasks that varied in terms of service attributes (SP, OHA, and provider of care), outcomes (bleeding gums and aesthetics), and cost. Choice tasks were selected using a pivoted segmented experimental design to improve task realism. An error components panel logit model was used to analyze the data. Marginal WTP (mWTP) for each attribute and level was calculated. In total, 667 respondents completed the DCE. Respondents valued more frequent SP, care provided by a dentist, and personalized OHA. Respondents were willing to pay for dental packages that generated less frequent (“never” or “hardly ever”) bleeding on brushing and teeth that look and feel at least “moderately clean.” Respondents were willing to pay more (+£145/y) for improvements in an aesthetic outcome from “very unclean” (−£85/y) to “very clean” (+£60/y) than they were for reduced bleeding frequency (+£100/y) from “very often” (−£54/y) to “never” (+£36/y). The general population value routinely provided SP, even in the absence of reductions in bleeding on brushing. Dental care service providers must consider service user preferences, including preferences for both health and nonhealth outcomes, as a key factor in any service redesign. Furthermore, the results provide mWTP estimates that can be used in cost-benefit analysis of these dental care services.

scholarly journals The status quo’s role in improving the estimation of willingness to pay in choice experiments

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 422
Author(s):  
Alexandru MAXIM ◽  
Teodora ROMAN
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Discrete Choice Experiment ◽  
Discrete Choice ◽  
Choice Experiment ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Dual Model ◽  
The Status

European household consumers have seen a gradual increase in the cost of their electricity bill, partly due to ambitious support policies for the development of renewable energy. Some consumers may have a higher willingness to pay (WTP) for clean energy, which could constitute a competitive advantage for electricity suppliers branding themselves as “sustainable”.A discrete choice experiment has been used in order to estimate the WTP of households for renewable energy. For the last decade, researchers have debated whether to add a “status quo” / “not willing to pay for changes” option in the experimental design, as this may generate complications and not add sufficient benefits.In this paper we use an original approach based on two parallel model estimations applied to the same sample of respondents in order to demonstrate the effect of adding a “status quo” option. Our results show that not including it would have led to an overestimation of about one third of the respondents‟ WTP.While more research on the topic is needed, we demonstrate the risk of simplifying the experimental design and propose a facile method of enhancing the experiment with a dual model design.Keywords: discrete choice experiment, status quo, renewable energy, household consumers, willingness to pay

scholarly journals Preferences for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among men who have sex with men and transgender women at risk of HIV infection: a multicentre protocol for a discrete choice experiment in Brazil

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. e049011
Author(s):  
Claudia Cristina de Aguiar Pereira ◽  
Thiago Silva Torres ◽  
Paula Mendes Luz ◽  
Brenda Hoagland ◽  
Alessandro Farias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Discrete Choice Experiment ◽  
Discrete Choice ◽  
Choice Experiment ◽  
Risk Behaviour ◽  
Transgender Women ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Qualitative Approaches ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Choice Tasks

IntroductionPre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an important and well-established prevention strategy for sexual acquisition of HIV. In Brazil, transgender women (TGW) and men who have sex with men (MSM) bear the largest burden among key populations. Little is known about preferences for PrEP characteristics in these vulnerable populations in Latin America. The goal of this study is to investigate preferences of TGW and MSM with respect to PrEP characteristics, whether current user or not, and to assess any attributes and levels that may improve the decision to start using PrEP (uptake) and optimal continuity of use (adherence), which are important dimensions for PrEP success.Methods and analysisWe hereby outline the protocol of a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to be conducted among TGW and MSM in Brazil. The study will be carried out in two phases. The first phase involves literature review and qualitative approaches including in-depth interviews to inform the development of the DCE (attributes and levels). The second phase entails the DCE survey and supporting questions pertaining to sociodemographic and risk behaviour information. The survey is aimed at current PrEP users and non-users, consisting of two modes of administration: face to face in five Brazilian capitals (Rio de Janeiro, Brasília, Manaus, Porto Alegre and Salvador) and online targeting the entire country. A D-efficient zero-prior blocked experimental design will be used to select 60 paired-profile DCE choice tasks, in which participants will be randomly assigned to one of four groups and presented with a set of 15 choice tasks. The planned sample size is 1000 volunteers.Ethics, timeline and disseminationThe study was approved by Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa—Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas—INI/FIOCRUZ, CEP/INI, CAAE 28416220.2.1001.5262, approval number 3.979.759 in accordance with the Comissão Nacional de Ética em Pesquisa (CONEP—Brazilian National Board of Research Ethics). The study will be conducted between 2020 and 2021. The results will be disseminated to the scientific community and to the public in general through publications in published in peer-reviewed journals and in scientific conferences.

793 PATIENTS’ PREFERENCES FOR ACTIVE SURVEILLANCE OR STANDARD ESOPHAGECTOMY AFTER NEOADJUVANT CHEMORADIOTHERAPY: A DISCRETE CHOICE EXPERIMENT IN PATIENTS AFTER STANDARD ESOPHAGECTOMY

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Berend Van Der Wilk ◽  
Inge Spronk ◽  
Bo J Noordman ◽  
Ben M Eyck ◽  
Juanita Haagsma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Surveillance ◽  
Discrete Choice Experiment ◽  
Discrete Choice ◽  
Choice Experiment ◽  
Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Attribute Levels ◽  
One Year ◽  
Treatment Alternatives

Abstract   Active surveillance after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced resectable esophageal cancer is currently topic of investigation. In a discrete choice experiment, patients’ preferences can be quantified by asking patients to state their preference over hypothetical treatment alternatives. The aim of the present study was to assess patients’ preferences for either active surveillance or standard esophagectomy in patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery without signs of recurrence. Methods A discrete choice experiment was performed in esophageal cancer patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by standard esophagectomy at least one year earlier. Patients completed a questionnaire consisting of eighteen choice sets considering active surveillance or standard esophagectomy. Treatment alternatives were characterized by attributes with varying attribute levels hypothesized to influence treatment choice: five-year survival, short-term and long-term health related quality of life (HRQOL), annual number of diagnostics required and the risk that esophagectomy is still necessary later in time. The importance of attributes and willingness to trade-off 5-year survival for other attributes were assessed using panel latent class model. Results A total of 107 patients were consecutively included, of whom 100 (93%) responded between August 2018 and October 2020. Regardless of the attribute levels, 28 patients preferred active surveillance and 28 patients preferred standard esophagectomy. When considering both treatments, five-year survival and long-term HRQOL were considered most important attributes. Patients were willing to trade-off 5.4% five-year overall survival to obtain a better long-term HRQOL. Conclusion At least one year after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and esophagectomy, over a quarter of patients would choose not to undergo standard esophagectomy again, regardless of the attribute levels. Patients were willing to trade-off five-year survival chance in order to achieve an HRQOL which was much better than their own situation. When considering both treatments, five-year survival and long-term HRQOL were the most important determinants in the choice for treatment.

scholarly journals Developing attributes and attribute-levels for a discrete choice experiment on micro health insurance in rural Malawi

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilbert Abotisem Abiiro ◽  
Gerald Leppert ◽  
Grace Bongololo Mbera ◽  
Paul J Robyn ◽  
Manuela De Allegri
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Discrete Choice Experiment ◽  
Discrete Choice ◽  
Choice Experiment ◽  
Micro Health Insurance ◽  
Attribute Levels

scholarly journals Ranking of meal preferences and interactions with demographic characteristics: a discrete choice experiment in young adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine M. Livingstone ◽  
Karen E. Lamb ◽  
Gavin Abbott ◽  
Tony Worsley ◽  
Sarah A. McNaughton
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Discrete Choice Experiment ◽  
Discrete Choice ◽  
Choice Experiment ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Important Influence ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable ◽  
Preparation Time ◽  
Attribute Levels

Abstract Background The diet of young adults is poor, yet little is known about the relative importance of influences on healthy eating in a decision-making context. The aim of this exploratory study was to understand the relative ranking of influences on meal choices in young adults and to investigate interactions between meal preferences and demographic and health characteristics. Methods Adults aged 18–30 years (n = 92, mean age: 23.9 (SD 3.4) years) completed an online discrete choice experiment. Participants were presented with 12 choice sets reflecting a typical weekday meal and were asked to choose between four meal options. Each meal consisted of a combination of five meal attributes (preparation time, cost, taste, familiarity and nutrition content) that each had three attribute levels. Data were analysed using conditional logit models. Subgroup analyses were performed by sex, education, income, weight status and meeting fruit and vegetable recommendations. Results Comparing the highest and lowest attribute levels, meal preferences were higher for better taste (B = 0.38; 95% CI: 0.12, 0.63), familiarity (B = 0.37; 95% CI: 0.21, 0.54) and nutrition content (B = 1.11; 95% CI: 0.81, 1.41) and lower for increased preparation times (B = −0.33; 95% CI: − 0.53, − 0.12) and cost (B = −0.50; 95% CI: − 0.75, − 0.24). Nutrition content was the most important influence on meal choice. Cost was the second most important, followed by taste, familiarity and preparation time. Compared to males, females had a higher preference for better nutrition content, taste and familiarity and a lower preference for increased cost. Higher educated participants had a higher preference for better nutrition content, familiarity and taste compared to lower educated participants. Young adults who met recommendations for fruit and vegetable intake had a higher preference for better nutrition content compared to participants who did not meet recommendations. Conclusion Nutrition content was the most important influence on young adults’ meal choices, followed by cost, taste, familiarity and preparation time. Preferences varied by demographics and health characteristics, suggesting that the focus of dietary interventions may benefit from being tailored to specific young adult groups.

scholarly journals Enhancing Public Health Messaging: Discrete-Choice Experiment Evidence on the Design of HIV Testing Messages in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 568-582
Author(s):  
Maya Durvasula ◽  
Stephen W. Pan ◽  
Jason J. Ong ◽  
Weiming Tang ◽  
Bolin Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Discrete Choice Experiment ◽  
Discrete Choice ◽  
Choice Experiment ◽  
Underserved Populations ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Choice Tasks ◽  
Health Messaging

Introduction. While a growing literature documents the effectiveness of public health messaging on social media, our understanding of the factors that encourage individuals to engage with and share messages is limited. In the context of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China, rising incidence and low testing rates despite decades of interventions suggest the need for effective, targeted messaging to reach underserved populations. Social media platforms and sex-seeking apps present a promising avenue, as web-based strategies can take advantage of existing trust within dense social networks. Methods. We conducted an online discrete-choice experiment in January 2017 with MSM from across China. Participants were presented with 6 choice tasks, each composed of 2 messages about HIV testing, and were asked in which scenario they were more likely to share the content. Participants were given information about the source of the HIV testing message, the social media sharing platform, and the recipients with whom they would share the message. They were given the option of sharing 1 message or neither. Multinomial and mixed logit models were used to model preferences within 4 subgroups. Results. In total, 885 MSM joined the survey, completing 4387 choice tasks. The most important attribute for 3 of the 4 subgroups was social media sharing platform. Men were more willing to share messages on sex-seeking mobile applications and less willing to share materials on generic (non-MSM) social media platforms. We found that men with more active online presences were less willing to share HIV testing messages on generic social media platforms. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that sex-seeking platforms represent a targeted, efficient method of actively engaging MSM in public health interventions.

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