The Energy Cost of Sprint Running and the Energy Balance of Current World Records from 100 to 5000 m

2018 ◽  
pp. 269-297
Author(s):  
Pietro E. di Prampero ◽  
Cristian Osgnach
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Sprint Running ◽  
World Records

scholarly journals Energy balance; choices between energy spend on migration and mating influences the life cycle of the pond bat (Myotis dasycneme)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Jifke Haarsma ◽  
Peter H.C. Lina ◽  
Aldo M. Voûte ◽  
Gerhard H. Glas ◽  
Henk Siepel
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Additional Advantage ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Conservation Implications ◽  
Female Bias ◽  
Biometric Measurements ◽  
And Migration

AbstractDuring autumn in the temperate zone, insectivorous male bats face a profound energetic challenge, as in the same period they have to make energy choices related to hibernation, mating and migration. We found evidence by looking at biometric measurements that male pond bats (Myotis dasycneme) are pre-occupied with mating and lose weight, while simultaneously females are accumulating fat. Our purpose was to characterize the known hibernacula in terms of male or female bias, and subsequently compare their population trend during two study periods, between 1930-1980 and 1980-2015. Our findings include evidence of colonisation of winter roosts in formerly unoccupied areas and consequently a change in the migration patterns of the male population of this species. As male bats do not assist to raise their offspring, males have abundant time to restore their energy balance after hibernation. Our results suggest that choosing a hibernacula closer to the summer habitat not only decreases energy cost needed for migration, it also lengthens the mating season and presumably also has the additional advantage of increased paternity. Additionally, these findings have important conservation implications, as male and female biased hibernation assemblages may differ critically in terms of microclimate preferences.

The energy cost of gestation in white-tailed deer

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 1091-1097 ◽  
Author(s):  
P J Pekins ◽  
K S Smith ◽  
W W Mautz
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Food Quality ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
The Third ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Northern Regions

Gestation in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) of northern regions occurs throughout winter, when foragequantity and quality are limited. Our objective was to measure the energy cost of gestation during winter and spring in order todetermine its impact on energy balance of deer. We used indirect respiration calorimetry to measure the metabolism of 21pregnant deer every 2–4 weeks during gestation (January–May). Fasting metabolic rates (FMR) were used to develop apredictive equation to evaluate temporal energy costs. A measurable increase in metabolism occurred on day 91 of gestation.FMR (kJ/kg body mass (BM)0.75 per day) of pregnant deer rose curvilinearly (FMR = 0.02(days)2 – 3.261(days) + 465.2), with92.2% of the increase occurring in the third trimester; costs were 45% greater in the last trimester for pregnant than fornonpregnant deer. Peak FMR of pregnant deer at 200 days gestation was 617 kJ/kg BM 0.75 per day, 84% above that ofnonpregnant deer (335 kJ/kg BM 0.75 per day). The total energy cost of gestation, in terms of FMR, was 78 004 kJ/kg BM 0.75 per200 days, a 16.4% increase above that of nonpregnant deer. The temporal increase in energy costs was correlated with springgreen-up, indicating important relationships between energy demands, food quality and availability, spring weather, andphysiological adaptations in deer.

scholarly journals Acute effects of exercise intensity on subsequent substrate utilisation, appetite, and energy balance in men and women

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (12) ◽  
pp. 1247-1253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghalia Shamlan ◽  
Paul Bech ◽  
M. Denise Robertson ◽  
Adam L. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Substrate Utilization ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acid ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Analogue Scales

Exercise is capable of influencing the regulation of energy balance by acutely modulating appetite and energy intake coupled to effects on substrate utilization. Yet, few studies have examined acute effects of exercise intensity on aspects of both energy intake and energy metabolism, independently of energy cost of exercise. Furthermore, little is known as to the gender differences of these effects. One hour after a standardised breakfast, 40 (19 female), healthy participants (BMI 23.6 ± 3.6 kg·m−2, V̇O2peak 34.4 ± 6.8 mL·kg−1·min−1) undertook either high-intensity intermittent cycling (HIIC) consisting of 8 repeated 60 s bouts of cycling at 95% V̇O2peak or low-intensity continuous cycling (LICC), equivalent to 50% V̇O2peak, matched for energy cost (∼950 kJ) followed by 90 mins of rest, in a randomised crossover design. Throughout each study visit, satiety was assessed subjectively using visual analogue scales alongside blood metabolites and GLP-1. Energy expenditure and substrate utilization were measured over 75 min postexercise via indirect calorimetry. Energy intake was assessed for 48 h postintervention. No differences in appetite, GLP-1, or energy intakes were observed between HIIC and LICC, with or without stratifying for gender. Significant differences in postexercise nonesterified fatty acid concentrations were observed between intensities in both genders, coupled to a significantly lower respiratory exchange ratio following HIIC (P = 0.0028), with a trend towards greater reductions in respiratory exchange ratioin males (P = 0.079). In conclusion, high-intensity exercise, if energy matched, does not lead to greater appetite or energy intake, but may exert additional beneficial metabolic effects that may be more pronounced in males.

The energy cost of sprint running and the role of metabolic power in setting top performances

2014 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pietro E. di Prampero ◽  
Alberto Botter ◽  
Cristian Osgnach
Keyword(s):  
Energy Cost ◽  
Metabolic Power ◽  
Sprint Running

Effects of Ambipolar Diffusion on Prominence Thread Models

1994 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 315-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Rovira ◽  
J. M. Fontenla ◽  
J.-C. Vial ◽  
P. Gouttebroze
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Transition Region ◽  
Ambipolar Diffusion ◽  
Line Profiles ◽  
Balance Equations ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Partial Frequency ◽  
Frequency Redistribution ◽  
Partial Frequency Redistribution ◽  
Theoretical Structure

AbstractWe have improved previous model calculations of the prominence-corona transition region including the effect of the ambipolar diffusion in the statistical equilibrium and energy balance equations. We show its influence on the different parameters that characterize the resulting prominence theoretical structure. We take into account the effect of the partial frequency redistribution (PRD) in the line profiles and total intensities calculations.

Influence of Magnetic Fields on Solar Hydrodynamics: Experimental Results

1977 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 143-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.O. Stenflo
Keyword(s):  
Solar Activity ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Solar Atmosphere ◽  
General Problem ◽  
Solar Rotation ◽  
Active Regions ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Dynamic Phenomena

It is well-known that solar activity is basically caused by the Interaction of magnetic fields with convection and solar rotation, resulting in a great variety of dynamic phenomena, like flares, surges, sunspots, prominences, etc. Many conferences have been devoted to solar activity, including the role of magnetic fields. Similar attention has not been paid to the role of magnetic fields for the overall dynamics and energy balance of the solar atmosphere, related to the general problem of chromospheric and coronal heating. To penetrate this problem we have to focus our attention more on the physical conditions in the ‘quiet’ regions than on the conspicuous phenomena in active regions.

Energy cost of sexual activity

1970 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 526a-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Goldbarg
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Activity ◽  
Energy Cost

Integrating cognitive and environmental influences on energy-balance related behaviour

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. De Bruijn ◽  
S. Kremers ◽  
Mechelen W. Van ◽  
J. Brug
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Environmental Influences
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