Climate, Air Pollutants, and Wet Deposition

2017 ◽  
pp. 41-72
Author(s):  
Johannes Lüers ◽  
Barbara Grasse ◽  
Thomas Wrzesinsky ◽  
Thomas Foken
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Wet Deposition

scholarly journals Temporal and Spatial variation of Contribution from Ship Emissions to the concentration and deposition of air pollutants in the Baltic Sea

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Haglund ◽  
Björn Claremar ◽  
Anna Rutgersson
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Deposition ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Wet Deposition ◽  
Sulphur Content ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
The Baltic

Abstract. The shipping sector contributes significantly to increasing emissions of air pollutants. In order to achieve sustainable shipping, primarily through new regulations and techniques, greater knowledge of dispersion and deposition of air pollutants is required. Regional model calculations of the dispersion and deposition of sulphur, nitrogen and particulate matter from the international maritime sector in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea have been made for the years 2009 to 2013. In some areas in the Baltic Sea region the contribution of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide from international shipping represented up to 80 % of the total near surface concentration of the pollutants. Contributions from shipping of PM2,5 and PM10 were calculated to a maximum of 21 % and 13 % respectively. The contribution of wet deposition of sulphur from shipping was maximum 29 % of the total wet deposition, and for dry deposition the contribution from shipping was maximum 84 %. The highest percentage contribution of wet deposition of nitrogen from shipping reached 28 % and for dry deposition 47 %. The highest concentrations and deposition of the pollutants in the study were found near large ports and shipping lanes. High concentrations were also found over larger areas at sea and over land where many people are exposed. With enhanced regulations for sulphur content in maritime fuel, the cleaning of exhausts through scrubbers has become a possible economic solution. Wet scrubbers meet the air quality criteria but their consequences for the marine environment are largely unknown. The resulting potential of future acidification in the Baltic Sea, both from atmospheric deposition and from open-loop scrubber water along the shipping lanes, based on different assumptions about sulphur content in fuel and scrubber usage has been assessed. Shipping is expected to increase globally and in the Baltic Sea region, deposition of sulphur due to shipping will depend on traffic density, emission regulations and technology choices for the emission controls. To evaluate future changes scenarios are developed considering the amount of scrubber technology used. The increase in deposition for the different scenarios differs slightly for the basins in the Baltic Sea. The proportion of ocean acidifying sulphur from ships increases when taking scrubber water into account and the major reason to increasing acidifying nitrogen from ships are due to increasing ship traffic. This study also generates a database of scenarios for atmospheric deposition and scrubber exhaust from the period 2011 to 2050.

scholarly journals Mapping recession risk for cultural heritage stone in Mexico City due to dry and wet deposition of urban air pollutants

Atmósfera ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Omar Castillo-Miranda ◽  
◽  
Ricardo Torres-Jadón ◽  
José Agustín García-Reynoso ◽  
Bertha E. Mar-Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Wet Deposition ◽  
Urban Air ◽  
Dry And Wet Deposition

scholarly journals Dominant synoptic patterns associated with the decay process of PM<sub>2.5</sub> pollution episodes around Beijing

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 2491-2508
Author(s):  
Xiaoyan Wang ◽  
Renhe Zhang ◽  
Yanke Tan ◽  
Wei Yu
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Wet Deposition ◽  
Decay Process ◽  
Synoptic Patterns ◽  
Circulation Patterns ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Pollution Episodes

Abstract. The variation in the concentrations of ambient PM2.5 (particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm) generally forms a continuous sawtooth cycle with a recurring smooth increase followed by a sharp decrease. The episode of abrupt decay of pollution is mostly meteorological in origin and is controlled by the passage of synoptic systems. One affordable and effective measure for quickly reducing PM2.5 concentrations in northern China is to wait for a strong wind to arrive. However, it is still unclear how strong the wind needs to be and exactly what kind of synoptic system most effectively results in the rapid decay of air pollution episodes. PM2.5 variations over the 28 pollution channel cities of the Beijing region are investigated to determine the mechanisms by which synoptic patterns affect the decay processes of pollution episodes. This work shows more obvious day-to-day variations in PM2.5 concentration in winter than in summer, which implies that wintertime PM2.5 variations are more sensitive to meteorological factors. There were 365 decay processes from January 2014 to March 2020, and 97 of them were related to the effective wet deposition. In total, 26 %–43 % of PM2.5 pollutant is removed by the wet deposition in different seasons. Two dominant circulation patterns are identified in summer. All the other three seasons have three circulation types (CTs), respectively. The three CTs in spring show the same patterns as those in autumn and winter. The circulation patterns beneficial to the decay processes all exhibit a higher-than-normal surface wind speed, a negative relative humidity anomaly and net outflow of PM2.5 from the domain. In addition, CT1 in spring, autumn and winter is controlled by northeasterly wind and features the most significant horizontal net outflow of air pollutants and effective upward spread of air pollutants to the free atmosphere. CT2 is the most frequent CT in autumn and winter, with the highest wind speed from the northwest, highest boundary layer height (BLH) and lowest relative humidity among the three CTs, all of which are favorable for the reduction of PM2.5 concentrations. In CT3, strong vertical wind shear within the boundary layer enhances the mixing of surface air pollutants, which is the extra cleaning mechanism besides dry and clean air mass inflow. PM2.5 concentrations show significant decreases of more than 37 %, 41 % and 27 % after the passage of CT1, CT2 and CT3, respectively. A dry airflow with a positive BLH anomaly and the effective horizontal outflow of air pollutants are the main reasons for the abrupt decay phase in summer. PM2.5 concentrations after the decay process show a significant decreasing trend from 2014 to 2020, reflecting successful emission mitigation. Emission reductions have led to a 4.3–5.7 µgm-3yr-1 decrease in PM2.5 concentrations in the 28 pollution channel cities of the Beijing region.

Oil sands development and its impact on atmospheric wet deposition of air pollutants to the Athabasca Oil Sands Region, Alberta, Canada

2015 ◽  
Vol 206 ◽  
pp. 469-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary M. Lynam ◽  
J. Timothy Dvonch ◽  
James A. Barres ◽  
Masako Morishita ◽  
Allan Legge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Oil Sands ◽  
Wet Deposition ◽  
Athabasca Oil Sands ◽  
Athabasca Oil Sands Region

Local emission of primary air pollutants and its contribution to wet deposition and concentrations of aerosols and gases in ambient air in Japan

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 317-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahide Aikawa ◽  
Takatoshi Hiraki ◽  
Nobutaka Tomoyose ◽  
Tsuyoshi Ohizumi ◽  
Izumi Noguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Wet Deposition ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Local Emission

scholarly journals Ship emissions and the use of current air cleaning technology: contributions to air pollution and acidification in the Baltic Sea

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 901-919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Claremar ◽  
Karin Haglund ◽  
Anna Rutgersson
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Deposition ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Wet Deposition ◽  
Ship Emissions ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
The Baltic

Abstract. The shipping sector is a significant contributor to emissions of air pollutants in marine and coastal regions. In order to achieve sustainable shipping, primarily through new regulations and techniques, greater knowledge of dispersion and deposition of air pollutants is required. Regional model calculations of the dispersion and concentration of sulfur, nitrogen, and particulate matter, as well as deposition of oxidized sulfur and nitrogen from the international maritime sector in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, have been made for the years 2011 to 2013. The contribution from shipping is highest along shipping lanes and near large ports for concentration and dry deposition. Sulfur is the most important pollutant coupled to shipping. The contribution of both SO2 concentration and dry deposition of sulfur represented up to 80 % of the total in some regions. WHO guidelines for annual concentrations were not trespassed for any analysed pollutant, other than PM2.5 in the Netherlands, Belgium, and central Poland. However, due to the resolution of the numerical model, 50 km  ×  50 km, there may be higher concentrations locally close to intense shipping lanes. Wet deposition is more spread and less sensitive to model resolution. The contribution of wet deposition of sulfur and nitrogen from shipping was up to 30 % of the total wet deposition. Comparison of simulated to measured concentration at two coastal stations close to shipping lanes showed some underestimations and missed maximums, probably due to resolution of the model and underestimated ship emissions. A change in regulation for maximum sulfur content in maritime fuel, in 2015 from 1 to 0.1 %, decreases the atmospheric sulfur concentration and deposition significantly. However, due to costs related to refining, the cleaning of exhausts through scrubbers has become a possible economic solution. Open-loop scrubbers meet the air quality criteria but their consequences for the marine environment are largely unknown. The resulting potential of future acidification in the Baltic Sea, both from atmospheric deposition and from scrubber water along the shipping lanes, based on different assumptions about sulfur content in fuel, scrubber usage, and increased shipping density has been assessed. The increase in deposition for different shipping and scrubber scenarios differs for the basins in the Baltic Sea, with highest potential of acidification in the southern basins with high traffic. The proportion of ocean-acidifying sulfur from ships increases when taking scrubber water into account and the major reason for increasing acidifying nitrogen from ships is increasing ship traffic. Also, with the implementation of emission control for nitrogen, the effect of scrubbers on acidification is evident. This study also generates a database of shipping and scrubber scenarios for atmospheric deposition and scrubber exhaust from the period 2011 to 2050.

Evaluation of atmospheric deposition of nitrogen to the Feitsui Reservoir in Taipei

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.L. Lo ◽  
H.A. Chu
Keyword(s):  
Water Body ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Wet Deposition ◽  
Atmospheric Dispersion ◽  
Air Quality Model ◽  
Quality Model ◽  
Dispersion Process ◽  
Feitsui Reservoir

This research studied how the air pollutants of urban areas affect a neighboring reservoir and its water quality. Through the atmospheric dispersion process, air pollutants move from the Taipei metropolitan to the Feitsui reservoir and enter the water body through dry and wet depositions. ISCST3 (Industrial Source Complex Short Term Model), an air quality model, was used to simulate dispersion, dry deposition and wet deposition of the air pollutants. Then the nitrogen loadings to the Feitsui Reservoir were evaluated. The results indicate that wet deposition places a greater burden than dry deposition does on the water body. Wet and dry deposition of NH4+ together make up a rather large proportion of the total pollution. The ratio ranged from 21.9 to 25.2%. Those of nitrate make up a smaller proportion, ranged from 2.0 to 2.3%. If we take indirect deposition into account and calculate the NO3− and NH4+ together, the proportion is 15.9–17.6%.

scholarly journals Use of criteria pollutants, active and passive mercury sampling, and receptor modeling to understand the chemical forms of gaseous oxidized mercury in Florida

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 12069-12105 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Huang ◽  
M. B. Miller ◽  
E. Edgerton ◽  
M. S. Gustin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Wet Deposition ◽  
The United States ◽  
Receptor Modeling ◽  
Free Troposphere ◽  
Phase Oxidation ◽  
Gas Phase Oxidation

Abstract. The highest mercury (Hg) wet deposition in the United States (US) occurs along the Gulf of Mexico, and in the southern and central Mississippi River Valley. Gaseous oxidized Hg (GOM) is thought to be a major contributor due to its high water solubility and reactivity. Therefore, it is critical to understand the concentrations, potential for wet and dry deposition, and GOM compounds present in the air. Concentrations and dry deposition fluxes of GOM were measured at Outlying Landing Field (OLF), Florida, using a Tekran® 2537/1130/1135, and active and passive samplers using cation-exchange and nylon membranes. Relationships with Tekran® derived data must be interpreted with caution, since GOM concentrations can be biased low depending on the chemical compounds in air, and interferences with water vapor and ozone. Only gaseous elemental Hg and GOM are discussed here since the PBM measurement uncertainties are higher. Criteria air pollutants were concurrently measured and Tekran® data were assessed along with these using Principal Component Analysis to identify associations among air pollutants. Based on the diel pattern, high GOM concentrations at this site were associated with fossil fuel combustion and gas phase oxidation during the day, and gas phase oxidation and transport in the free troposphere. The ratio of GEM/CO at OLF (0.008 ng m−3 ppbv−1) was much higher than the numbers reported for the Western United States and central New York for domestic emissions or biomass burning (0.001 ng m−3 ppbv−1), which we suggest is indicative of a marine boundary layer source. Results from nylon membranes with thermal desorption analyses suggest five potential GOM compounds exist in this area, including HgBr2, HgO, Hg(NO3)2, HgSO4, and an unknown compound. This indicates that the site is influenced by different gaseous phase reactions and sources. A~high GOM event related to high CO but average SO2 suggests the air parcels moved from the free troposphere and across Arkansas, Mississippi, and Alabama at low elevation (< 300 m) using back trajectory analysis. We hypothesize this is due to subsidence of Hg containing air from the free troposphere. It is difficult to fully understand GOM dry deposition processes without knowing the actual GOM compounds, and their corresponding physicochemical properties, such as the Henry's Law constant. Overall, measured GOM dry deposition at this site ranged from 4–23% of total Hg wet deposition. The Aerohead sampling system for dry deposition captures primarily GOM since it would only collect fine particulate bound Hg by way of diffusion.

scholarly journals Wet deposition and scavenging ratio of air pollutants during an extreme rainstorm in the North China Plain

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 348-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue-Peng Pan ◽  
Xia-Ying Zhu ◽  
Shi-Li Tian ◽  
Li-Li Wang ◽  
Guo-Zhong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Wet Deposition ◽  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
The North ◽  
The North China Plain ◽  
Scavenging Ratio

scholarly journals Dominant synoptic patterns associated with the decay process of PM<sub>2.5</sub> pollution episodes around Beijing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyan Wang ◽  
Renhe Zhang ◽  
Yanke Tan ◽  
Wei Yu
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Wet Deposition ◽  
Decay Process ◽  
Horizontal Wind ◽  
Synoptic Patterns ◽  
Circulation Patterns ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Pollution Episodes

Abstract. The variation in the concentrations of ambient PM2.5 (particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) generally forms a continuous sawtooth cycle with a recurring smooth increase followed by a sharp decrease. The abrupt decay of pollution episode is mostly meteorological in origin, and is controlled by the passage of synoptic systems. One affordable and effective measure for the quickly reducing PM2.5 concentrations in northern China is to wait for strong wind to arrive. However, it is still unclear how strong the wind needs to be and exactly what kind of synoptic system most effectively results in the rapid decay of air pollution episodes. PM2.5 variations over the 28 pollution channel cities of Beijing are investigated to determine the mechanisms by which synoptic patterns affect the decay processes of pollution episodes. This work shows more obvious day-to-day variations in PM2.5 concentration in winter than in summer, which implies that wintertime PM2.5 variations are more sensitive to meteorological factors. There were 365 decay processes from January 2014 to March 2020, and 97 of them were related to the effective wet deposition. 26 %~43 % of PM2.5 pollutant is removed by the wet deposition in different seasons. Two dominant circulation patterns are identified in summer, and the same three circulation types (CTs) are identified in the other three seasons based on the dry-day cases. The circulation patterns beneficial to the decay processes all exhibit a higher than normal surface wind speed, a negative relative humidity anomaly and positive divergence in the PM2.5 horizontal flux. In addition, CT1 in spring, autumn and winter is controlled by northeasterly wind and features the most significant horizontal net-outflow of air pollutants and effective upward spread of air pollutants to the free atmosphere, which promotes the abrupt reduction of local PM2.5 concentrations. CT2 is the most frequent synoptic pattern leading to decay processes in autumn and winter, and the domain region is located to the east of an anticyclone system. CT2 features a strong northwesterly wind of 2.98~3.88 m/s, the lowest relative humidity and the highest boundary layer height (BLH) among the three CTs, all of which are favorable for the reduction of PM2.5 concentrations. In CT3, a prevailing westerly wind anomaly occurs in the domain, with remarkable zonal divergence in the PM2.5 flux and strong horizontal wind shear in the near-surface under the boundary layer. PM2.5 concentrations show significant decreases of more than 37 %, 41 % and 27 % after the passage of CT1, CT2 and CT3, respectively. A dry air mass with a positive BLH anomaly and the effective horizontal outflow of air pollutants are the main reasons for the abrupt decay phase in summer. PM2.5 concentrations after the decay process show a significant decreasing trend from 2014 to 2020, reflecting successful emission mitigation. Emission reductions have led to a 4.3~5.7 μg/(m3.yr) decrease in PM2.5 concentrations in the 28 pollution channel cities of Beijing.

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