Monitoring School Performance Using Value-Added and Value-Table Models: Lessons from the UK

Vietnam plays an important role in bearing global food security. However, Vietnamese rice farmers face several challenges, including pressures to develop sustainable livelihoods while reducing the environmental impacts of their production activities. Various Vietnamese agricultural restructuring policies were promulgated to promote the adoption of environmentally friendly practices to generate high value added for rice farmers, but the farmers are reluctant to adopt them because of perceived lack of demand. Decreasing consumption of rice in Asia and increasing demands in Europe shaped Vietnamese rice exporting policies. New trade agreements, such as the UK–Vietnam Free Trade Agreement, offer new target markets for Vietnamese rice farmers. This research provides empirical evidence related to the preferences of UK consumers for ethical attributes for floating rice imported from Vietnam. Floating rice represents a traditional method of rice cultivation that relies on the natural flooding cycle. Its cultivation uses very few agrochemical inputs and provides several other environmental, economic, and social benefits. In an online survey, the study used a choice experiment that asked 306 UK consumers to report their preferences for one kilo of floating rice with three non-market attributes: reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, allocation of profits to the farmers, and restitution of biodiversity. Overall, study participants favored the attributes of floating rice, but reported utility for only the “fair trade” attribute and for a marginal willingness to pay premiums for profit allocations to farmers. Consumers did not find value in either CO2 emission reduction or biodiversity improvement. Results from the study provide recommendations to develop agricultural programs, distribution strategies, and informational methods to encourage floating rice consumption in the UK.

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Does tax policy fit in the portfolio of COVID-19 responses?

Pacific Accounting Review ◽

10.1108/par-08-2020-0119 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Kerrie Sadiq ◽

Richard Krever

Keyword(s):

Tax Policy ◽

Value Added ◽

Mitigation Strategies ◽

Income Support ◽

Policy Reforms ◽

Content Type ◽

Goods And Services ◽

Policy Responses ◽

Tax Regimes ◽

The Uk

Purpose Tax policymakers are currently navigating a path through a delicate dialectic of macro- and micro-level policy responses to the economic dislocation of the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this paper is to examine initial tax measures that are aimed at helping taxpayers needing liquidity, solvency and income support. Design/methodology/approach This study undertakes a review of key tax policy responses of six jurisdictions across the globe that have similar tax regimes and virus mitigation strategies (albeit with different outcomes). Key initiatives implemented from February to April 2020 by Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Singapore, South Africa and the UK are examined. Findings This study indicates that tax concessions are a crude and mostly ineffective way of assisting individuals and enterprises in difficulty. In the longer term, if the crisis prompts desirable reforms such as extending the recognition of tax losses, the income tax system will emerge fairer and more efficient. Practical implications An investigation of the short-term reforms announced relating to asset write-offs, tax deferral, tax losses and goods and services tax/value-added tax rates in light of the liquidity, income support and stimulus objectives shows that in some cases the policies may have been misguided. The findings can be used by policymakers as the basis for designing better targeted alternative non-tax responses. Originality/value Jurisdictional responses to tax policy reforms during a modern period of significant economic dislocation have yet to be documented in the literature. Specifically, this paper highlights the limitations of tax policy initiatives as a response to financial hardship.

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Strategies for Growth and Employment Creation in a Services-Based Economy

Growth and Welfare in Advanced Capitalist Economies ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198866176.003.0008 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 255-288

Author(s):

Anne Wren

Keyword(s):

Public Service ◽

Service Provision ◽

Value Added ◽

Real Wages ◽

Employment Creation ◽

Skill Formation ◽

High Productivity ◽

Public Service Provision ◽

Traditional Manufacturing ◽

The Uk

This chapter focuses on the role of skill formation, wage-setting, and public service provision in shaping different national growth strategies in a post-industrial context, taking the cases of Germany, Sweden, and the UK as detailed examples and making use of data from the EU-KLEMS Growth and Productivity Accounts Database (2008). It highlights the role played by skills policy in shaping patterns of specialization in high productivity, traded sectors, which are important engines of growth even in “consumption-led” regimes. It shows that Sweden’s ability to compete in less price-sensitive, high-end services (and manufacturing) markets rests on the availability of a workforce with high levels of tertiary skills. Germany’s reliance on more traditional manufacturing sectors is rooted in its well-established system of firm-based vocational training and its limited tertiary sector. In the UK, the expansion of domestic demand has, in part, been debt-driven, although it has also, as in the Swedish case, been facilitated by rising real wages. Nevertheless, a key driver of rising real wages in the UK has also been productivity growth and the expansion of trade in high-end, ICT-intensive services. The chapter confirms that welfare state policies (including the protection of relative wages, public service provision, and, above all, strategies of skill formation) are critical to the outcomes observed in the context of deindustrialization and technological change. The development of sustainable strategies for growth and employment creation in a context of deindustrialization, and of revolutionary changes in ICT, rely on the creation of a capacity to expand into ICT-intensive, high value-added sectors, and especially in dynamic services sectors.

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23. Value Added Tax

Business Law 2020-2021 ◽

10.1093/he/9780198858393.003.0023 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 231-234

Author(s):

J. Scott Slorach ◽

Jason Ellis

Keyword(s):

Value Added ◽

Value Added Tax ◽

Goods And Services ◽

One Year ◽

The Uk ◽

The Cost ◽

Made In

This chapter discusses value added tax (VAT) in the UK. VAT is charged on supplies of goods and services made in the UK. Where a person makes taxable supplies in excess of a set limit in any one-year period, he must register with Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs (HMRC). He must then account to HMRC for VAT on all taxable supplies made. The total amount payable may be reduced by the amount of VAT paid on certain taxable supplies made to him. The liability to pay VAT to HMRC rests on suppliers of goods and services. However, the cost of the tax is actually borne by suppliers’ customers who are charged VAT on the goods and services they purchase. VAT is charged in the UK under the Value Added Tax Act (VATA) 1994.

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Toward a dynamic capability theory of economic growth

Industrial and Corporate Change ◽

10.1093/icc/dtz054 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 1047-1065 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

David Sainsbury

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Economic Development ◽

Value Added ◽

The United States ◽

Dynamic Capability ◽

Alexander Hamilton ◽

Role Of Government ◽

Windows Of Opportunity ◽

The Uk

Abstract New theories of economic growth that are policy-relevant and connect with the histories of success and failure in economic development are urgently needed. This article compares the neoclassical (or market efficiency) school of thought with the production-capability school of thought which included Alexander Hamilton, Friedrich List, and Joseph Schumpeter. Many affirmative, industrial policy steps by governments to promote economic development have been historically recorded—including in the UK and the United States. Meanwhile the neoclassical school has ignored the role of government in helping to create competitive advantage. It has also chosen to ignore how firms are formed, how technologies are acquired, and how industries emerge. The dynamic capability theory of economic growth developed here assigns the central role in economic growth to firms but also an important role to governments. The rate at which a country’s economy grows depends critically on whether its firms can build the capabilities to generate and take advantage of “windows of opportunity” that exist for innovation and new markets, and whether over time they are able to enhance their capabilities to move into higher value-added activities.1

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An Assessment of Barbados' Competitiveness within the EU Market 1992-2006

Global Economy Journal ◽

10.2202/1524-5861.1574 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 1850194 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Troy Lorde ◽

Antonio Alleyne ◽

Brian Francis

Keyword(s):

Value Chain ◽

Agricultural Policy ◽

Market Access ◽

Value Added ◽

Rules Of Origin ◽

History Of ◽

Economic Partnership ◽

Partnership Agreement ◽

The Uk ◽

The Eu

This paper assesses Barbados' competitiveness within the EU market in light of its recent signing of an Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) with the EU in 2008. Using SITC data from 1992-2006, indices of revealed comparative advantage (RCA) were calculated. We found that Barbados possesses comparative advantages in Live Animals; Raw Sugars, Beet and Cane; and Spirits. However, policies such as the EU's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), stringent sanitary and phytosanitary requirements, onerous rules of origin and non-tariff barriers including technical barriers to trade, threaten to undermine these advantages. These developments strongly suggest that Barbados must move agriculture up the value chain and increase value-added, as well as integrate it more fully with other sectors of its economy. Greater attention must be focused on countries in the EU other than the UK, if full advantage is to be taken of the EPA, as the UK market is already mature. There is evidence that export opportunities to these countries exist in other commodity groups (Fuels, Lubricants, etc.; Animal, Vegetable Oils Fats, Wax; Chemicals, Related Products; Manufactured Goods). When these issues are placed within the context of Barbados' history of weak capacity to take advantage of the market access opportunities available from their trading arrangements, the overarching challenge for Barbados is one of effective market access. This will require, among other things, a capable export promotion agency. The export of non-traditional commodities should be promoted, and greater support, perhaps in the form of incentives, should be provided to large firms that are not yet exporters to encourage them to look beyond the domestic market.

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How entrepreneurship, culture and universities influence the geographical distribution of UK talent and city growth

Journal of Management Development ◽

10.1108/jmd-03-2016-0043 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 178-195 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Marc Cowling ◽

Neil Lee

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Human Capital ◽

Economic Value ◽

Value Added ◽

Content Type ◽

Knowledge Based ◽

Economic Landscape ◽

The Uk ◽

The City ◽

Innovative Capacity

Purpose The creation and distribution of human capital, often termed talent, has been recognised in economic geography as an important factor in the locational decisions of firms (Florida, 2002), and at a more general level as a key driver of economic growth (Romer, 1990). The purpose of this paper is to consider how talent is created and distributed across the cities of the UK and the key factors which are driving this spatial distribution. They also consider what the economic outcomes of these disparities are for cities. Design/methodology/approach The multivariate models can estimate the dynamic inter-relationships between human capital (talent), innovative capacity, and economic value added. These can be estimated, using talent as an example, in the form: human capital measurei =α0i+α1i innovative capacity +α2i quality of life + α3i labour market indicators + α4i economic indicators + α5i HEI indicators + β6i population demographics + β7i population + υi. Findings The first finding is that talent is unequally distributed across cities, with some having three times more highly educated workers than others. Talent concentration at the city level is associated with entrepreneurial activity, culture, the presence of a university, and to a lesser degree the housing market. This feeds into more knowledge-based industry, which is associated with higher gross value added. Research limitations/implications The research is limited in a practical sense by the fact that UK data at this level have only become available quite recently. Thus, it is only possible to capture talent flows and city growth in a relatively small window. But the prospects going forward will allow more detailed analysis at the city level of the relationship between talent flows and local economic growth. And additional insights could be considered relating to the on-going changes in the UK university system. Practical implications The question of whether universities are simply producers of talent or play a much broader and deeper role in the socio-economic landscape and outcomes of cities is an open one. This research has identified what the key drivers of city level economic growth and knowledge creation are, and sought to explain why some cities are capable of attracting and harnessing three times more talent than other cities. This has significant implications for the future development of UK cities and for those seeking to address these imbalances. Social implications Universities are a major economic agent in their own right, but they are increasingly being asked to play a wider role in local economic development. The authors’ evidence suggests that universities do play a wider role in the growth and development of cities, but that there are large discrepancies in the subsequent spatial distribution of the talent they create. And this has significant implications for those seeking to address these imbalances and promote a broader and less unequal economic landscape. Originality/value The authors explore how cities create economic value via a process whereby talent is attracted and then this stimulates knowledge-based industry activity. The originality relates to several key aspects of the work. First, the authors look at the stock of talent, and then the authors explore how “new” talent from universities is attracted by looking at graduate flows around the cities of the UK, differentiating between top-level graduates and less talented graduates. The authors then allow a wide variety of economic, cultural, and population factors to influence the locational decision of talented people. The results highlight the complexity of this decision.

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An integrated biorefinery concept for conversion of sugar beet pulp into value-added chemicals and pharmaceutical intermediates

Faraday Discussions ◽

10.1039/c7fd00094d ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 202 ◽

pp. 415-431 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Max Cárdenas-Fernández ◽

Maria Bawn ◽

Charlotte Hamley-Bennett ◽

Penumathsa K. V. Bharat ◽

Fabiana Subrizi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Value Added ◽

Sugar Beet Pulp ◽

High Yield ◽

Integrated Biorefinery ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Beet Pulp ◽

Commercial Yeast ◽

The Uk

Over 8 million tonnes of sugar beet are grown annually in the UK. Sugar beet pulp (SBP) is the main by-product of sugar beet processing which is currently dried and sold as a low value animal feed. SBP is a rich source of carbohydrates, mainly in the form of cellulose and pectin, including d-glucose (Glu), l-arabinose (Ara) and d-galacturonic acid (GalAc). This work describes the technical feasibility of an integrated biorefinery concept for the fractionation of SBP and conversion of these monosaccharides into value-added products. SBP fractionation is initially carried out by steam explosion under mild conditions to yield soluble pectin and insoluble cellulose fractions. The cellulose is readily hydrolysed by cellulases to release Glu that can then be fermented by a commercial yeast strain to produce bioethanol at a high yield. The pectin fraction can be either fully hydrolysed, using physico-chemical methods, or selectively hydrolysed, using cloned arabinases and galacturonases, to yield Ara-rich and GalAc-rich streams. These monomers can be separated using either Centrifugal Partition Chromatography (CPC) or ultrafiltration into streams suitable for subsequent enzymatic upgrading. Building on our previous experience with transketolase (TK) and transaminase (TAm) enzymes, the conversion of Ara and GalAc into higher value products was explored. In particular the conversion of Ara into l-gluco-heptulose (GluHep), that has potential therapeutic applications in hypoglycaemia and cancer, using a mutant TK is described. Preliminary studies with TAm also suggest GluHep can be selectively aminated to the corresponding chiral aminopolyol. The current work is addressing the upgrading of the remaining SBP monomer, GalAc, and the modelling of the biorefinery concept to enable economic and Life Cycle Analysis (LCA).

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MONITORING AND SUPPORTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM

Különleges Bánásmód - Interdiszciplináris folyóirat ◽

10.18458/kb.2017.1.69 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 69-77

Author(s):

Judit Tánczos

Keyword(s):

School Performance ◽

Emotional Development ◽

Continuous Process ◽

Social And Emotional Development ◽

Children And Young People ◽

Social And Emotional ◽

Communication Problems ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

The Uk ◽

Mental And Physical Health

Development is a continuous process influenced by several factors. If practitioners would like to ensure children's and young persons' optimal social and emotional development and school performance, they have to monitor both development and academic achievement from early childhood until the age of 19. In the UK, more than one million children struggle with speech, language, and communication problems so early identification is of vital importance. If identification is missed or late, it may have detrimental effects on the child’s or young person’s psychological, mental, and physical health. Multi-agency teams work in collaboration in order to provide relevant help to those in need.

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The effect of summer on value-added assessments of teacher and school performance

Education Policy Analysis Archives ◽

10.14507/epaa.v23.1997 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 23 ◽

pp. 92 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Gregory J Palardy ◽

Luyao Peng

Keyword(s):

School Performance ◽

School Context ◽

Value Added ◽

Summer Period ◽

Student Background ◽

Concentrated Poverty ◽

Early Grades

This study examines the effects of including the summer period on value-added assessments (VAA) of teacher and school performance at the early grades. The results indicate that 40-62% of the variance in VAA estimates originates from the summer period, depending on the outcome. Furthermore, when summer is omitted from the VAA model, 51-61% of the teachers and 58-61% of the schools change performance quintiles, with many changing 2-3 quintiles. Extensive statistical controls for student background and classroom and school context reduce these differences, but 36-47% of the teachers and 42-49% of the schools are still in different quintiles. Besides misclassifying teachers and schools, including summer creates biases in VAA estimates against schools with concentrated poverty. These results suggest that removing summer effects from VAA estimates will likely require biannual achievement assessments (i.e., fall and spring).

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