Yet Another Definition of Weak Collision Resistance and Its Analysis

2004 ◽  
pp. 87-96
Author(s):  
Shoichi Hirose
Keyword(s):  
Collision Resistance ◽  
Its Analysis ◽  
Definition Of

scholarly journals النحو العربي: بين مفهوم بناء النصّ وتحليله / Arabic Grammar Between text construction concept and its analysis Nahu Arab: Antara konstruksi teks dan analisa

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Aziz Abdul Rahma Al-khathla
Keyword(s):  
Early Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Text Linguistics ◽  
Its Analysis ◽  
Language Study ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Text Construction

ملخص البحث: يعنى الدرس اللغوي بجانبين رئيسين، هما بناء الكلام، وفهمه (تفسيره). فالأول مهمة منشئ الكلام، والثاني مهمة المتلقي، ومع الاعتراف بأن كل واحد من هذين الجانبين يتأثر بالآخر، إلا أنه يظل بينهما تباين. إذا نظرنا إلى النحو العربي نجده يعنى ببناء الكلام، وإن كان فهم الكلام وتحليله لا يستغني عنه؛ لكن يبقى الهدف الأول والأظهر والأبرز للنحو العربي هو كيفية بناء الكلام؛ لذا جاءت قواعد النحو العربي وقوانينه؛ لتبين كيفية إنشاء الكلام، وهذا يظهر من أول مراحل وضع هذا العلم، أعني النحو العربي. توصلت الدراسة إلى أن تعريف النّحاة للنَّحوَ والكلام، وطريقتهم في تناول مسائله وقضاياه، تبيَّن أن النحو العربي يقوم على آليات بناء الكلام (النّصّ) وأنّ أحكامه وقواعده بُنِيَتْ لتحقيق هذا الهدف والمقصد، وأن ما توصل إليه علماء لسانيات النصّ (نحو النّصّ) هو مضمن في كلام علماء العربية، كما أن حديث علماء النصّ المحدثين عن تعريف النصّ، ومعاييره يؤكد أن نظرهم متوجه إلى نصّ قائم محاولين تلمس معالم نصّيّته، وهذا ما يجلي الفرق بين النحو العربي ونحو النصّ في الهدف والوجهة.   الكلمات المفتاحية: النحو العربيّ- الكلام - النصية - نحو النصّ - معايير بناء النص.   Abstract: Language study is concerned with two major aspects: Speech construction and its understanding. The former is the for the speech producer and the latter is for the receiver. With the admission that each of the two influence the other, the differences between them still prevail. Arabic grammar emphasizes on speech construction albeit the fact that understanding and analyzing it are also important. Nonetheless, the most obvious objective of the Arabic grammar is to explain the means of speech construction. This reason is served by its grammatical rules, amply explaining the speech construction as it was in the early period of the discipline. The study shows that way that traditional grammarians define the discipline and speech in addition to their exposition of its issues and problems, explain that Arabic grammar is built upon the mechanisms of speech construction and its rules are meant to serve this particular objective; the observations of the textual linguistics scholars had their traces in the discussions of Arabic scholars; the discussion of modern textual linguistics among scholars on the definition of text and its standards underscore that their view is to point out its features; this is what sets apart between the Arabic grammar and text linguistics in their objective and direction.   Keywords: Arabic grammar, Speech, Textuality, Text linguistics, Speech Construction Standards   Abstrak:  Kajian bahasa merangkumi dua aspek utama: pembentukan ujaran oleh penghantar mesej dan pemahamannya oleh penerima. Dengan premis bahawa kedua-duanya saling mempengaruhi yang lainnya perbezaan di antara kedua-duanya masih jelas. Tatabahasa Arab menekankan aspek pembentukan ujaran di samping turut menekankan aspek pemahaman dan analisanya. Walaupun begitu, tujuan utama tatabahasa Arab ialah untuk menjelaskan cara-cara pembentukan ujaran. Ini dicapai melalui kaedah tatabahasanya yang dapat menjelaskan pembentukan ujaran itu sebagaimana keadaannya ketika permulaan cabangan ilmu mula muncul. Kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa cara para ahli tatabahasa Arab mentakrifkan cabang ilmu ini dan juga perbincangan mereka terhadap isu dan permasalahannya, menjelaskan bahawa tatabahasa Arab disandarkan kepada mekanisma pembentukan ujaran serta kaedah-kaedahnya adalah untuk melaksanakan objektif ini; pemerhatian pengkaji teks linguistik dapat dikesan di dalam perbincangan para pengkaji bahasa Arab; perbicaraan teks linguistik moden dalam kalangan pengkaji tentang takrifan teks dan piawaiannya menekankan bahawa perbicaraan mereka adalah bertujuan untuk mengenalpasti ciri piawaian tersebut; inilah yang membezakan tatabahasa Arab dan teks linguistik dari segi arah tuju dan objektifnya.   Kata kunci: Tatabahasa Arab, Ujaran, Tekstualiti, Teks Linguistik, Piawaian Pembentukan Ujaran.

scholarly journals On chosen target forced prefix preimage resistance

2010 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Rjaško
Keyword(s):  
Hash Function ◽  
Hash Functions ◽  
Formal Definition ◽  
Collision Resistance ◽  
Preimage Resistance ◽  
The Family ◽  
Lecture Notes ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Cryptographic Techniques ◽  
Security Notion

Abstract In this paper we analyze the Chosen Target Forced Prefix (CTFP) preimage resistance security notion for hash functions firstly introduced in [Kelsey, J.-Kohno, T.: Herding hash functions and the Nostradamus attack, in: Advances in Cryptology-EUROCRYPT ’06, 25th Annual Internat. Conf. on the Theory and Appl. of Cryptographic Techniques (S. Vaudenay, ed.), St. Peters- burg, Russia, 2006, Lecture Notes in Comput. Sci., Vol. 4004, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2006, pp. 183-200]. We give a formal definition of this property in hash function family settings and work out all the implications and separations be- tween the CTFP preimage resistance and other standard notions of hash function security (preimage resistance, collision resistance, etc.). This paper follows the work of [Rogaway, P.-Shrimpton, T.: Cryptographic hash-function basics: Def- initions, implications, and separations for preimage resistance, second-preimage resistance, and collision resistance, in: Fast Software Encryption, 11th Interna- tional Workshop-FSE ’04 (B. Roy et al., eds.), Delhi, India, 2004, Lecture Notes in Comput. Sci., Vol. 3017, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2004, pp. 371-388], where they define seven basic notions of hash function security and examine all the relationships among these notions. We also define a new property for security of hash function families-always CTFP preimage resistance, which guarantees CTFP security for all the hash functions in the family.

scholarly journals Storing and Retrieving Information in the framework of the Phonemic Spectrum Theory

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-429
Author(s):  
Sabah Rashid Qadr ◽  
Brwa Rasool Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
White Light ◽  
Surface Feature ◽  
Speech Sounds ◽  
Speech And Language ◽  
Its Analysis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Mind

     This research is entitled (storing and retrieving information in the framework of the phonemic spectrum theory), and its analysis focuses on the perception mechanism and the production and representation of speech sounds within the internal components of the mind. It means producing sounds, storing them and then retrieving them from mental memories. The level of phonology, but these sounds within their wavelengths are converted into white light compounds and connections, in terms of the surface feature, but in terms of their verbal features they are hidden and retain features that distinguish them from others. This research is divided into two main sections:      The first section is devoted to the introduction of the theory of the night and the history of the uprising, and the definition of each of the sounds, speech, and language according to this theory. The second section deals with how to store and retrieving sounds. also in the second section the phonemic features are discussed, as a basis for the separation of the sounds. in concludes with representing most important results and laying out the references.

Towards a New Model for Knowledge Construction and Evolution

2009 ◽  
pp. 767-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Cartelli
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Knowledge Construction ◽  
New Model ◽  
Its Analysis ◽  
Human And Social Sciences ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Psychology Pedagogy ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Complex Matter

The 20th century has marked the transformation of the philosophical definition of knowledge into a new and different one. The new idea of knowledge mostly depends on the experiences and theories from human and social sciences like psychology, pedagogy, anthropology, sociology, and so forth. But many contributions to its specification are also due to biology, neurophysiology, telecommunication, cybernetics, and other scientific disciplines. In other words knowledge is today a complex matter and its analysis and definition depends on the observation fields one can use for its analysis.

scholarly journals Akar-akar Transnasionalisme Islam Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI)

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masdar Hilmy
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Islamic Movement ◽  
Its Analysis ◽  
Conceptual Definition ◽  
Transnational Islam ◽  
Definition Of

This paper tries to trace and analyze the roots of“Islamic transnationalism” or “transnational Islam” in Indonesia through the lens of the three theoretical frameworks that I borrowed from Mandaville as follows: (1) travelling theory; (2) hibridity theory, and; (3) diasphora theory. The paper focuses its analysis on an Islamic movement who carries the ideology of “Islamic transnationalism” (khilâ fah Islâmiyah), namely Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI). Before delving into the details of HTI’s ideological roots of transnational Islam, however, a conceptual definition of “transnational Islam” will be elucidated in advance.

scholarly journals Too much Zeal on Seals? Animal Welfare, Public Morals, and Consumer Ethics at the Bar of the WTO

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALEXIA HERWIG
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Consumer Ethics ◽  
Ethical Standards ◽  
Its Analysis ◽  
Product Composition ◽  
Policy Objectives ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Technical Regulations

AbstractThe Seals Regime at issue in EC–Seals pursued conflicting policy objectives of animal welfare, protection of public morals, Inuit, and the marine environment through regulation of product composition and hunting. The panel's TBT findings are problematic. The panel uses the term ‘related’ PPMs in the definition of technical regulations of content and does not distinguish and sequence the legal tests of TBT Articles 2.1 and 2.2 clearly enough. It fails to analyze properly how the necessity analysis should be performed for a multipurpose policy and reduces the ability of WTO members to defend them. The panel also adopts an unduly empiricist definition of public morals and legitimate objectives. This article argues that the content of public morals and legitimate objectives in Article 2.2 should be informed by moral philosophy. Its analysis suggests that collectively binding regulation of ethical standards can generally not be considered to be about public morals.

What Is Existentialism?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Webber
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Ethical Theory ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
Clear Definition ◽  
Simone De Beauvoir ◽  
The Core ◽  
Its Analysis ◽  
Jean Paul ◽  
Definition Of

Articles and books on existentialism generally eschew precise philosophical definition of their subject matter and disagree with one another over which ideas, issues, and thinkers should be classified as existentialist. This loose categorization distorts readings of the texts that are claimed to fall under it. This book argues for a precise conceptualization of existentialism grounded in the definition it was given by Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre when the term was first popularized. Existentialism is therefore defined as the ethical theory that we ought to treat the freedom at the core of human existence as intrinsically valuable and the foundation of all other values. This chapter argues for the need for a clear definition and presents an overview of how the book develops its analysis.

Benacerraf and Set-Theoretic Reductionist Realism

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-160
Author(s):  
Lev D. Lamberov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Set Theory ◽  
Identification Problem ◽  
Original Publication ◽  
Natural Numbers ◽  
Its Analysis ◽  
Original Argument ◽  
Definition Of

The paper is devoted to analysis of P. Benacerraf’s argument against set-theoretic reductionist realism which is a fragment of a broader argument, know as the “identification problem”. The analyzed fragment of P. Benacerraf’s argument concerns the possibility of reducing of mathematical notions to set-theoretic notions. The paper presents a reconstruction of P. Benacerraf’s original argumentation, its analysis and also several possible objections proposed by P. Benacerraf himself about 30 years later after the original publication. Namely, he claimed (1) that a set-theoretic definition of natural numbers in G. Frege’s fashion can serve as a proper and unique set-theoretic definition, (2) that his argument doesn’t undermine eliminative reductionsts’ position, (3) that even if there are no argument possible in favor of some particular set-theoretic definition of natural numbers one may take set-theoretic realism for granted. An analysis of the mentioned possible objections shows their dependence on a number of additional premises. The paper demonstrates that P. Benacerraf’s objections on his own argument against set-theoretic realism either have a pragmatic character themselves or essentially rely on additional arguments that are justified pragmatically or require additional argumentation. For example, his possible objections require that set theory is considered as the only true foundational theory in mathematics, and that it has several important pragmatic virtues, like convenience of use to formalize other mathematical theories. In some cases, P. Benacerraf’s objections on their own, or the indicated additional principles may well be called into question, which demonstrates the insufficiency of P. Benacerraf’s objections against his original argument. Without the mentioned pragmatic arguments P. Benacerraf’s objections become a kind of belief in mysticism. Accordingly, his doubts about his own argument against set-theoretical realism seem insufficient to reject the problem of identification and save the position of set-theoretical realism from collapse.

Introductory paper

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 3-5
Author(s):  
W. W. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Line Intensity ◽  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Spectral Classification ◽  
Dimensional Array ◽  
Rr Lyrae ◽  
Metallic Line ◽  
Introductory Paper ◽  
Parameter Varying ◽  
Definition Of

1. The definition of “normal” stars in spectral classification changes with time; at the time of the publication of theYerkes Spectral Atlasthe term “normal” was applied to stars whose spectra could be fitted smoothly into a two-dimensional array. Thus, at that time, weak-lined spectra (RR Lyrae and HD 140283) would have been considered peculiar. At the present time we would tend to classify such spectra as “normal”—in a more complicated classification scheme which would have a parameter varying with metallic-line intensity within a specific spectral subdivision.

2.2. Working Group 2: Conceptual Definitions of Reference Coordinate Systems for Earth Dynamics

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 21-26
Keyword(s):  
Coordinate System ◽  
Working Group ◽  
General Character ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Reference Coordinate System ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Earth Dynamics

An ideal definition of a reference coordinate system should meet the following general requirements:1. It should be as conceptually simple as possible, so its philosophy is well understood by the users.2. It should imply as few physical assumptions as possible. Wherever they are necessary, such assumptions should be of a very general character and, in particular, they should not be dependent upon astronomical and geophysical detailed theories.3. It should suggest a materialization that is dynamically stable and is accessible to observations with the required accuracy.

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