Increase of Myopia—Possible Interaction of Environmental Chemicals

2000 ◽  
pp. 55-58
Author(s):  
Satoshi Ishikawa ◽  
Kunihiko Tsuchiya ◽  
Rie Nakagawa ◽  
Hitoshi Ishikawa ◽  
Liang Woung
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Chemicals

PET in patients with clear-cut multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS)

2002 ◽  
Vol 41 (06) ◽  
pp. 233-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Hausteiner ◽  
A. Drzezga ◽  
P. Bartenstein ◽  
M. Schwaiger ◽  
H. Förstl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Multiple Chemical Sensitivity ◽  
Environmental Chemicals ◽  
Chemical Sensitivity ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Symptom Complex ◽  
Brain Changes ◽  
Multiple Chemical

SummaryAim: Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) is a controversially discussed symptom complex. Patients afflicted by MCS react to very low and generally nontoxic concentrations of environmental chemicals. It has been suggested that MCS leads to neurotoxic damage or neuroimmunological alteration in the brain detectable by positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT). These methods are often applied to MCS patients for diagnosis, although they never proved appropriate. Method: We scanned 12 MCS patients with PET, hypothesizing that it would reveal abnormal findings. Results: Mild glucose hypometabolism was present in one patient. In comparison with normal controls, the patient group showed no significant functional brain changes. Conclusion: This first systematic PET study in MCS patients revealed no hint of neurotoxic or neuroimmuno-logical brain changes of functional significance.

HAZARD: An Expert System for Risk Assessment of Environmental Chemicals

1987 ◽  
Vol 26 (01) ◽  
pp. 13-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Gottinger
Keyword(s):  
Expert System ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Chemical Carcinogenesis ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Environmental Chemicals ◽  
Chemical Carcinogens ◽  
Carcinogenic Activity ◽  
Current State ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
Carcinogenic Potential

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to report on an expert system in design that screens for potential hazards from environmental chemicals on the basis of structure-activity relationships in the study of chemical carcinogenesis, particularly with respect to analyzing the current state of known structural information about chemical carcinogens and predicting the possible carcinogenicity of untested chemicals. The structure-activity tree serves as an index of known chemical structure features associated with carcinogenic activity. The basic units of the tree are the principal recognized classes of chemical carcinogens that are subdivided into subclasses known as nodes according to specific structural features that may reflect differences in carcinogenic potential among chemicals in the class. An analysis of a computerized data base of known carcinogens (knowledge base) is proposed using the structure-activity tree in order to test the validity of the tree as a classification scheme (inference engine).

The Molecular Recognition Paradigm of Environmental Chemicals with Biomacromolecules

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
Wenjing Zhang ◽  
Liumeng Pan ◽  
Haifei Wang ◽  
Xuan Lv ◽  
Keke Ding
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Recognition ◽  
Environmental Chemicals

scholarly journals The Role of the Human Microbiome in Chemical Toxicity

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason M. Koontz ◽  
Blair C. R. Dancy ◽  
Cassandra L. Horton ◽  
Jonathan D. Stallings ◽  
Valerie T. DiVito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Chemical Exposure ◽  
Environmental Chemicals ◽  
Microbial Interactions ◽  
World Population ◽  
Toxic Exposure ◽  
Chemical Toxicity ◽  
Microbial Enzymes ◽  
Overwhelming Evidence

There is overwhelming evidence that the microbiome must be considered when evaluating the toxicity of chemicals. Disruption of the normal microbial flora is a known effect of toxic exposure, and these disruptions may lead to human health effects. In addition, the biotransformation of numerous compounds has been shown to be dependent on microbial enzymes, with the potential for different host health outcomes resulting from variations in the microbiome. Evidence suggests that such metabolism of environmental chemicals by enzymes from the host's microbiota can affect the toxicity of that chemical to the host. Chemical-microbial interactions can be categorized into two classes: Microbiome Modulation of Toxicity (MMT) and Toxicant Modulation of the Microbiome (TMM). MMT refers to transformation of a chemical by microbial enzymes or metabolites to modify the chemical in a way that makes it more or less toxic. TMM is a change in the microbiota that results from a chemical exposure. These changes span a large magnitude of effects and may vary from microbial gene regulation, to inhibition of a specific enzyme, to the death of the microbes. Certain microbiomes or microbiota may become associated with different health outcomes, such as resistance or susceptibility to exposure to certain toxic chemicals, the ability to recover following a chemical-induced injury, the presence of disease-associated phenotypes, and the effectiveness of immune responses. Future work in toxicology will require an understanding of how the microbiome interacts with toxicants to fully elucidate how a compound will affect a diverse, real-world population.

Environmental exposures to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and their role in endometriosis: a systematic literature review

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diksha Sirohi ◽  
Ruqaiya Al Ramadhani ◽  
Luke D. Knibbs
Keyword(s):  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Phthalate Esters ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Environmental Chemicals ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Organochlorinated Pesticides ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractPurposeEndocrine-related diseases and disorders are on the rise globally. Synthetically produced environmental chemicals (endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs)) mimic hormones like oestrogen and alter signalling pathways. Endometriosis is an oestrogen-dependent condition, affecting 10–15% of women of the reproductive age, and has substantial impacts on the quality of life. The aetiology of endometriosis is believed to be multifactorial, ranging from genetic causes to immunologic dysfunction due to environmental exposure to EDCs. Hence, we undertook a systematic review and investigated the epidemiological evidence for an association between EDCs and the development of endometriosis. We also aimed to assess studies on the relationship between body concentration of EDCs and the severity of endometriosis.MethodFollowing PRISMA guidelines, a structured search of PubMed, Embase and Scopus was conducted (to July 2018). The included studies analysed the association between one or more EDCs and the prevalence of endometriosis. The types of EDCs, association and outcome, participant characteristics and confounding variables were extracted and analysed. Quality assessment was performed using standard criteria.ResultsIn total, 29 studies were included. Phthalate esters were positively associated with the prevalence of endometriosis. The majority (71%) of studies revealed a significant association between bisphenol A, organochlorinated environmental pollutants (dioxins, dioxin-like compounds, organochlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls) and the prevalence of endometriosis. A positive association between copper, chromium and prevalence of endometriosis was demonstrated in one study only. Cadmium, lead and mercury were not associated with the prevalence of endometriosis. There were conflicting results for the association between nickel and endometriosis. The relationship of EDCs and severity of endometriosis was not established in the studies.ConclusionWe found some evidence to suggest an association between phthalate esters, bisphenol A, organochlorinated environmental pollutants and the prevalence of endometriosis. Disentangling these exposures from various other factors that affect endometriosis is complex, but an important topic for further research.

scholarly journals Human Oligodendrocytes and Myelin In Vitro to Evaluate Developmental Neurotoxicity

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 7929
Author(s):  
Megan Chesnut ◽  
Thomas Hartung ◽  
Helena Hogberg ◽  
David Pamies
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Environmental Chemicals ◽  
Developmental Neurotoxicity ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Regulatory Guidelines ◽  
In Vitro Systems ◽  
Human Oligodendrocytes

Neurodevelopment is uniquely sensitive to toxic insults and there are concerns that environmental chemicals are contributing to widespread subclinical developmental neurotoxicity (DNT). Increased DNT evaluation is needed due to the lack of such information for most chemicals in common use, but in vivo studies recommended in regulatory guidelines are not practical for the large-scale screening of potential DNT chemicals. It is widely acknowledged that developmental neurotoxicity is a consequence of disruptions to basic processes in neurodevelopment and that testing strategies using human cell-based in vitro systems that mimic these processes could aid in prioritizing chemicals with DNT potential. Myelination is a fundamental process in neurodevelopment that should be included in a DNT testing strategy, but there are very few in vitro models of myelination. Thus, there is a need to establish an in vitro myelination assay for DNT. Here, we summarize the routes of myelin toxicity and the known models to study this particular endpoint.

Toxic nephropathy: environmental chemicals

2003 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 500-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry R Van Vleet ◽  
Rick G Schnellmann
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Chemicals ◽  
Toxic Nephropathy

scholarly journals New risk factors for obesity and diabetes: Environmental chemicals

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ja Young Jeon ◽  
Kyoung Hwa Ha ◽  
Dae Jung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Environmental Chemicals ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes

Enantioselective analysis and fate of polycyclic musks in a water recycling plant in Sydney (Australia)

2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 1996-2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Wang ◽  
S. J. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Environmental Chemicals ◽  
Water Recycling ◽  
Environmental Persistence ◽  
Enantioselective Analysis ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Polycyclic Musks ◽  
Household Products ◽  
Final Effluent

Synthetic polycyclic musks (PCMs) Galaxolide (HHCB), Tonalide (AHTN), Phantolide (AHDI), Traseolide (ATII) and Cashmeran (DPMI) are chiral chemicals that are commonly used in washing product industries as racemic mixtures. The major source of PCMs in municipal wastewater is from personal care and household products. Recent studies have shown that PCMs may enhance the relative toxicity of other environmental chemicals by inhibiting cellular xenobiotic defence systems. High sensitivity enantioselective analysis of these compounds enables improved characterisation of the environmental persistence and fate of PCMs, distinguishing between individual enantiomers so that a more complete understanding of environmental risks tributed by individual enantiomers may be obtained. Concentrations of PCMs through the various treatment stages of an advanced water recycling plant in Sydney were investigated to assess the removal of these chemicals. Average concentrations of HHCB, AHTN, AHDI, ATII and DPMI in influent were: 2,545, 301, 2, 5 and 33 ng L−1, respectively. In the final effluent, AHDI, ATII and DPMI were not detected, while HHCB and AHTN were still measured at concentrations of 21 and 2 ng L−1. No significant enantioselective transformation was detected during biological or advanced treatment processes.

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