New risk factors for obesity and diabetes: Environmental chemicals

Abstract Obesity and diabetes are both risk factors and consequences of psychiatric disorders. Glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists such as liraglutide are widely used in the treatment of diabetes and obesity. There are considerable amounts of preclinical studies showing the effects of liraglutide on promotion of neurogenesis, while preventing apoptosis and oxidation. Preliminary clinical evidence has suggested that liraglutide could decrease weight gain, improve cognition and prevent cognitive decline. Accordingly, liraglutide has been regarded as a potential candidate for the management of psychiatric disorders. Herein, we will discuss the association between obesity/diabetes and psychiatric disorders, and the emerging use of liraglutide in psychiatry.

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A Strategy for Comparing the Contributions of Environmental Chemicals and Other Risk Factors to Neurodevelopment of Children

Environmental Health Perspectives ◽

10.1289/ehp.1104170 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 120 (4) ◽

pp. 501-507 ◽

Cited By ~ 108

Author(s):

David C. Bellinger

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Environmental Chemicals

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Abstract 615: Association Between Multiple Modifiable Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease and Hypertension in a Rural Population of the United States

Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology ◽

10.1161/atvb.36.suppl_1.615 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 36 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Hadii M Mamudu ◽

Timir Paul ◽

Liang Wang ◽

Sreenivas P Veeranki ◽

Hemang B Panchal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Sedentary Lifestyle ◽

Subclinical Atherosclerosis ◽

The United States ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Modifiable Risk Factors ◽

Obesity And Diabetes ◽

Asymptomatic Individuals ◽

Study Participants

Background: Hypertension (HTN) is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) that afflicts one-third of the population in United States (US). This study examined the association between multiple modifiable risk factors for HTN in a rural hard-to-reach population. Methods: During January 2011 and December 2012, 1629 community-dwelling asymptomatic individuals from central Appalachia participated in screening for subclinical atherosclerosis, during which the participants were asked to report whether a physician or health worker has informed them that they had HTN (yes/no). Additionally, baseline data consisting of two non-modifiable risk factors (sex, age) and 5 modifiable risk factors (obesity, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, and sedentary lifestyle) were collected. Descriptive statistics involving prevalence of risk factors and multivariate logistic regression analyses to determine the strength of association between hypertension and the number of risk factors were conducted. Results: Of the 1629 study participants, about half (49.8%) had hypertension. Among hypertensive patients, 31.4% were obese and 62.3% having hypercholesterolemia. Overall, having 2 risk factors consisted the largest group of participants with HTN. After adjusting for the non-modifiable risk factors (sex, age), obesity and diabetes increased the odds of having HTN by more than two folds ([OR=2.02, CI=1.57-2.60] and [OR=2.30, CI=1.66-3.18], respectively) and hypercholesterolemia and sedentary lifestyle increased the odds for HTN by more than one fold ([OR=1.26, CI=1.02-1.56) and [OR=1.38, CI=1.12-1.70], respectively). Compared to those without HTN, having 2, 3, and 4 or 5 modifiable risk factors were significantly associated with increased odds of having HTN by about two-folds [OR=1.72, CI=1.21-2.44], two and half folds [OR=2.55, 1.74-3.74], and six folds [OR=5.96, 3.42-10.41], respectively. Conclusion: The study suggests that odds of having HTN increases with the number of modifiable risk factors for CVD. Hence, by implementing an integrated CVD program for treating and controlling modifiable risk factors of HTN would decrease the future risk of CVD and help to achieve the 2020 Impact Goal of the American Health Association.

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Abstract P602: Stroke Risk Factors Among the Young Over Time in the GCNKSS

Stroke ◽

10.1161/str.52.suppl_1.p602 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 52 (Suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Tracy E Madsen ◽

Jane C Khoury ◽

Kathleen S Alwell ◽

Opeolu M Adeoye ◽

Felipe De Los Rios La Rosa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Stroke Risk ◽

Large Population ◽

High Cholesterol ◽

Stroke Incidence ◽

Stroke Risk Factors ◽

Obesity And Diabetes ◽

Trends Over Time ◽

Over Time

Background: Data from the Greater Cincinnati Northern Kentucky Stroke Study (GCNKSS) have demonstrated stable or increasing stroke incidence rates in young adults with differences by sex and race, suggesting the need for targeted approaches to stroke prevention in the young. We aimed to describe trends over time in prevalence of stroke risk factors among adults ages 20-54 with stroke by sex and race. Methods: Cases of incident stroke (IS, ICH, SAH) occurring in those 20-54 years old and living in a 5-county area of southern Ohio/northern Kentucky were ascertained during 5 study periods (1993-1994, 1999, 2005, 2010, 2015). All physician-adjudicated inpatient events and a sampling of outpatient events were included, excluding nursing home events. Data on risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, obesity (BMI≥30), and high cholesterol) diagnosed prior to stroke were abstracted from medical records, and prevalence of each risk factor was reported over time in race/sex groups. Trends over time were examined using the Cochran-Armitage test. Results: Over the 5 study periods, 1204 incident strokes were included; 49% were women, 33% were black, and mean age was 46 (SD 7) years. Premorbid hypertension increased over time in Black women (48% in 1993/4 to 76% in 2015, p=0.005) but not in any other race/sex group (all p>0.05). Premorbid high cholesterol increased significantly in all race/sex groups (Figure, all p<0.05) except for White men (p=0.06). There were no significant trends over time in pre-stroke diagnoses of diabetes or obesity in any of the race/sex groups (Figure). Conclusions: Among patients aged 20-54 with incident stroke in a large population-based study, the change in the prevalence of hypertension and high cholesterol differed by sex and race, while obesity and diabetes were stable over time in all race/sex groups. Future research is needed to address risk factor control at a population level and to understand the role of undiagnosed pre-stroke risk factors in the young.

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Foundational knowledge regarding childhood obesity: a cross-sectional study of medical students

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-019-7499-1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Emily Hill Guseman ◽

Elizabeth A. Beverly ◽

Jonathon Whipps ◽

Sophia Mort

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Childhood Obesity ◽

Medical Students ◽

Weight Control ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Preventative Care ◽

Student Knowledge ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Obesity And Diabetes

Abstract Background Documentation and diagnosis of childhood obesity in primary care is poor and providers are often unfamiliar with guidelines. This lack of knowledge may be attributed to insufficient training in medical school and residency; however, no studies have evaluated medical students’ knowledge of recommendations. Methods We distributed a modified version of the Physician Survey of Practice on Diet, Physical Activity, and Weight Control to medical students at a single university. Descriptive analyses assessed knowledge and attitudes of childhood obesity and diabetes. Results Of the 213 participating students, 74% indicated being unfamiliar with obesity screening recommendations. Few correctly identified BMI percentile cut-points for child overweight (21.2%), obesity (23.7%), and normal weight (29.4%). They reported screening glucose 4.5 years earlier in patients with risk factors compared to those without (p < 0.001). Conclusions Although students recognized the need for earlier diabetes screening in children with risk factors, we determined that overall, student knowledge of obesity-related preventative care was inadequate.

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Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in five major risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the Korean population: a cross-sectional study using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2014

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014070 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. e014070 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Yoon Jung Kim ◽

Ji Sung Lee ◽

Juri Park ◽

Dong Seop Choi ◽

Doo Man Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽

Korean Women ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

Obesity And Diabetes

ObjectivesTo examine trends in socioeconomic inequalities in major cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among the Korean population.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingA nationally representative population survey database.ParticipantsA total of 42 725 Koreans, aged 25–64 years, who participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) II (2001) to VI (2013–2014).Main outcome measuresTrends in socioeconomic inequalities in five major CVD risk factors (smoking, obesity, diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia).ResultsGender differences were noted in the time trends in socioeconomic inequalities in smoking, obesity, diabetes and hypertension. Among men, low socioeconomic status (SES) was associated with higher prevalence of smoking, but not with obesity, diabetes or hypertension. The magnitudes of socioeconomic inequalities in smoking, obesity and diabetes remained unchanged, and the magnitude of the inequality in hypertension decreased over time. However, among women, low SES was associated with higher prevalence of smoking, obesity, diabetes and hypertension. Time trends towards increasing socioeconomic inequalities, measured by income, in smoking, obesity and diabetes were found in women. Unlike the other CVD risk factors, hypercholesterolaemia was not associated with socioeconomic inequality.ConclusionsSES had a stronger impact on major CVD risk factors among Korean women than men. Moreover, socioeconomic inequalities in smoking, obesity and diabetes worsened among Korean women over time. Public policies to prevent smoking, obesity and diabetes in women with lower SES are needed to address inequalities.

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Does microRNA Perturbation Control the Mechanisms Linking Obesity and Diabetes? Implications for Cardiovascular Risk

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22010143 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 143

Author(s):

Lucia La Sala ◽

Maurizio Crestani ◽

Silvia Garavelli ◽

Paola de Candia ◽

Antonio E. Pontiroli

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Obesity And Diabetes ◽

Extracellular Mirnas ◽

Antioxidant Defense Systems ◽

Non Coding Rnas ◽

Molecular Aspects ◽

Mirnas Expression

Metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are considered the major risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Although the pathological mechanisms underlying the mutual development of obesity and T2D are difficult to define, a better understanding of the molecular aspects is of utmost importance to identify novel therapeutic targets. Recently, a class of non-coding RNAs, called microRNAs (miRNAs), are emerging as key modulators of metabolic abnormalities. There is increasing evidence supporting the role of intra- and extracellular miRNAs as determinants of the crosstalk between adipose tissues, liver, skeletal muscle and other organs, triggering the paracrine communication among different tissues. miRNAs may be considered as risk factors for CVD due to their correlation with cardiovascular events, and in particular, may be related to the most prominent risk factors. In this review, we describe the associations observed between miRNAs expression levels and the most common cardiovascular risk factors. Furthermore, we sought to depict the molecular aspect of the interplay between obesity and diabetes, investigating the role of microRNAs in the interorgan crosstalk. Finally, we discussed the fascinating hypothesis of the loss of protective factors, such as antioxidant defense systems regulated by such miRNAs.

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SAT0586 PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS FOR CARDIO-METABOLIC ABNORMALITIES IN PATIENTS WITH INFLAMMATORY ARTHRITIS ATTENDING CARDIO-RHEUMATOLOGY PRIMARY PREVENTION CLINICS

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases ◽

10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.1228 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽

pp. 1252.1-1252

Author(s):

L. Eder ◽

S. Akhtari ◽

P. Harvey ◽

K. Bindee

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Primary Prevention ◽

Inflammatory Arthritis ◽

Clinical Laboratory ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Lipid Lowering ◽

Lipid Lowering Therapy ◽

Metabolic Abnormalities ◽

Research Support ◽

Obesity And Diabetes

Background:Cardio-metabolic abnormalities are common in patients with inflammatory arthritis (IA) but tend to be under-recognized and under-treated.Objectives:We aimed to compare the prevalence and risk factors for cardio-metabolic abnormalities between patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS).Methods:Consecutive patients enrolled in the University of Toronto Cardio-Rheumatology Network from July 2017 to August 2019 were analyzed. This is a primary prevention program that uses structured clinical, laboratory and multimodal imaging to diagnose and treat cardiovascular disease (CVD). Patients with a rheumatologist-confirmed diagnosis of RA, PsA or AS with no known CVD were evaluated. Information about IA diagnosis, medications and comorbidities was recorded. Each patient was evaluated by a cardiologist focusing on CVD risk assessment. We evaluated the prevalence of previously recorded and newly recognized cardio-metabolic risk factors including hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity and diabetes. The prevalence of these abnormalities was compared between IA diagnoses. Regression models were used to assess the association between diagnosis and cardio-metabolic abnormalities after adjusting for demographics, smoking, BMI, measures of disease activity and medications.Results:A total of 358 patients (201 RA, 124 PsA, 33 AS) were assessed (mean age 59±10.5 years, 68.7% female). Hypertension was reported in 33%, dyslipidemia in 26.8%, diabetes mellitus in 8.9% and overweight/obesity in 69.7% (Figure 1). Newly detected elevations in lipids were frequent for triglycerides (9.3%,), non-HDL-cholesterol (6%,) and LDL-cholesterol (2.7%). Elevated HbA1c occurred in 1.4% and newly diagnosed hypertension occurred in 9.8%. A total of 32.8% patients required a change or initiation of medications for their cardio-metabolic abnormalities (21.7% lipid-lowering therapy, 14.6% aspirin, 11.1% anti-hypertension therapy). Patients with PsA had the highest prevalence of cardio-metabolic abnormalities including dyslipidemia, obesity and hypertension. Having hypertension (prior or new diagnosis), elevated levels of triglycerides, non-HDL cholesterol, total cholesterol and BMI were associated with PsA vs. RA after adjusting for potential confounders (all p<0.05) (Figure 2). No significant association was found between cardio-metabolic abnormalities and AS vs. PsA or RA.Conclusion:Dedicated cardio-rheumatology clinics have improved CVD screening and management in an IA population. The burden of cardio-metabolic abnormalities is elevated in PsA and suggests that tailored strategies to reduce adverse CVD events are particularly needed in this subgroup.Disclosure of Interests:Lihi Eder Grant/research support from: Abbvie, Lily, Janssen, Amgen, Novartis, Consultant of: Janssen, Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Lily, Janssen, Amgen, Novartis, Shadi Akhtari: None declared, Paula Harvey: None declared, Kuriya Bindee Grant/research support from: Abbvie, Pfizer, Sanofi, BMS, Consultant of: Abbvie, Eli Lily, Pfizer

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Pregnancy risk factors for very premature delivery: what role do hypertension, obesity and diabetes play?

Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics ◽

10.1007/s00404-013-2739-6 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 288 (1) ◽

pp. 57-64 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Juliane Spiegler ◽

◽

G. Stichtenoth ◽

J. Weichert ◽

I. R. König ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Premature Delivery ◽

Pregnancy Risk ◽

Obesity And Diabetes

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Osteoprotegerin Expression and Serum Values in Obese Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

10.21203/rs.3.rs-631858/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Nearmeen M. Rashad ◽

Amal S. El-Shal ◽

Sally M Shalaby ◽

Walaa M Sarhan ◽

Hanim M. Abdel-Nour

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Obese Patients ◽

Obese Women ◽

Expression Levels ◽

Obesity And Diabetes

Abstract Obesity and diabetes prevalence are increasing worldwide. We aimed by this work to detect the possible association of osteoprotegerin (OPG) gene expression with visceral adiposity indices and cardiometabolic risk factors among obese patients. This is research enrolled 150 controls and 150 obese cases subdivided into two subgroups non-diabetic (n = 70) and 80 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Circulating OPG expression levels were determined by RT-PCR. Serum OPG concentrations were assessed by ELISA.Our results explored that OPG serum levels were higher in the control group compared to obese women and obese diabetics had higher serum levels of OPG in comparison to obese non-diabetic patients. In obese group, regarding expression levels of OPG were higher than controls in diabetic obese patients, the blood expression levels of OPG were higher than non-diabetics patients. We found positive correlations between parameters of MetS and obesity indices, among them, the highest positive correlation found between VAI. After adjustment of the traditional risk factors, stepwise linear regression analysis test revealed that, OPG expression levels were independently correlated with HbA1c, HDL-cholesterol, and WHR. ROC analysis demonstrated that cutoff values of OPG expression levels and serum levels were 2.226 and 7.5; the AUC were 0.833 (95% CI = 0.821–0.946) and 0.981, respectively. Additionally, the sensitivities and the specificities of OPG expression were (90% and 86.2%), and OPG serum levels (98% and %94), respectively.OPG mRNA and serum levels are useful diagnostic biomarkers discriminate metabolic risk among obesity with or without T2DM.

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