scholarly journals Positive but also Negative Effects of Ethnic Diversity in Schools on Educational Performance? An Empirical Test Using PISA Data

2013 ◽  
pp. 71-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaap Dronkers ◽  
Rolf van der Velden
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Educational Performance ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Pisa Data

The foundations of peaceful coexistence after the war ... Mosul is a model

2019 ◽  
pp. 178
Author(s):  
Omar Hashim Thanon
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
Peaceful Coexistence ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Mass Displacement ◽  
The Common ◽  
Near Term ◽  
Post War ◽  
Common Destiny

Since peaceful coexistence reflects in its various aspects the concept of harmony between the members of the same society with their different national, religious and sectarian affiliations, as well as their attitudes and ideas, what brings together these are the common bonds such as land, interests and common destiny. But this coexistence is exposing for crises and instability and the theft of rights and other that destroy the communities with their different religious, national, sectarian, ethnic aspects, especially if these led to a crisis of fighting or war, which produces only destruction and mass displacement, ttherefore, the process of bridging the gap between the different parts of society in the post-war phase through a set of requirements that serve as the basis for the promotion of peaceful coexistence within the same country to consolidate civil and community peace in order to create a general framework and a coherent basis to reconstruct the community again.      Hence the premise of the research by asking about the extent of the possibility and ability of the community of religious and ethnic diversity, which has been exposed to these crises, which aimed at this diversity, basically to be able to rise and re-integrate within the same country and thus achieve civil and community peace, and Mosul is an example for that, the negative effects of the war and the accomplices of many criminal acts have given rise to hatred and fear for all, leading to the loss of livelihoods, which in the long term may have devastating social and psychological consequences.        To clarify all of this, the title of the first topic was a review of the concept and origin of peaceful coexistence. While the second topic dealt with the requirements of peaceful coexistence and social integration in Mosul, the last topic has identified the most important challenges facing the processes of coexistence and integration in Mosul. All this in order to paint a better future for the conductor at all levels in the near term at the very least to achieve the values of this peaceful coexistence, especially in the post-war period.

The double-edged effects of guanxi on partner opportunism

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1313-1322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Shen ◽  
Chuang Zhang ◽  
Wenbo Teng
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Test ◽  
Asset Specificity ◽  
Sales Manager ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Moderating Effects ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Matched Data

Purpose This study aims to examine the double-edged effects of guanxi on opportunism and the moderating effects of legal enforceability and partner asset specificity. It thus differs from the current literature, which primarily focuses on the benevolent effects of guanxi. Design/methodology/approach Based on matched data collected from 268 sales manager and salesperson dyads, this study tested hypotheses using hierarchical regressions. Findings The empirical test supports the conceptual model and demonstrates two findings. First, guanxi between boundary spanners follows an inverted U-shaped relationship with inter-firm opportunism. Second, both the benefits and drawbacks of guanxi are stronger under the condition of low legal enforceability and high partner asset specificity. Research limitations/implications The study did not untangle guanxi into different dimensions and did not investigate how firms should make trade-offs between the benefits and drawbacks of guanxi. Therefore, future research could further explore this question by using a multidimensional approach. Practical implications The study alerts managers that guanxi is a double-edged sword, so they should complement it with formal control mechanisms, particularly when they are operating in legally inefficient regions or when their partner firm’s asset specificity is high. Originality/value The study offers a more balanced view of guanxi by showing both its positive and negative effects on opportunism. It also uncovers legal enforceability and partner asset specificity as two boundary conditions that influence the curvilinear effects of guanxi on opportunism.

scholarly journals Ethnic Diversity and Economic Performance

2005 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 762-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Alesina ◽  
Eliana La Ferrara
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Endogenous Formation ◽  
Open Issues

We survey and assess the literature on the positive and negative effects of ethnic diversity on economic policies and outcomes. Our focus is on communities of different size and organizational structure, such as countries, cities in developed countries, and villages and groups in developing countries. We also consider the endogenous formation of political jurisdictions and highlight several open issues in need of further research, in particular the endogenous formation of ethnic identity and the measurement of ethnic diversity.

Does guanxi in China always produce value? The contingency effects of contract enforcement and market turbulence

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 861-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liping Qian ◽  
Pianpian Yang ◽  
Yao Li
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Contract Enforcement ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Dyadic Relationship ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Strategic Performance ◽  
Market Turbulence

Purpose The purpose of this study is to reconcile the positive, non-significant and even negative effects of guanxi on firm performance from two aspects. First, it explores the linear and curvilinear relationships between guanxi and distinct performance dimensions. Second, it examines the moderating effects of both exchange-related behavioral risk (reflected by contract enforcement in this study) and market-related environmental risk (reflected by market turbulence in this study) on the above relationship. Design/methodology/approach Based on data for 206 samples collected from distributors of house furnishings, computers and their components, a moderated regression is used to test the hypotheses. Findings The empirical test generally supports the conceptual model and demonstrates three findings. First, guanxi has a linear, positive effect on financial performance and an inverted U-shaped effect on strategic performance. Second, contract enforcement decreases the effect of guanxi on financial performance and enhances its effect on strategic performance. Third, market turbulence enhances the effect of guanxi on financial performance and weakens its effect on strategic performance. Research limitations/implications First, this study collects data only from China. Future studies should collect data from other emerging markets to allow for either model validation or cross-country comparisons. Second, the data come only from buyers, and suppliers’ viewpoints are not included. Third, in addition to contract enforcement and market turbulence, other important contingencies should be considered in the guanxi–performance link. Practical implications The results provide important implications for managers to manage guanxi in an emerging economy. Managers should be very clear about their primary goal (i.e. pursuing short-term financial revenue or long-term strategic targets); next, they should understand how to match guanxi with various levels of contract enforcement and market turbulence to achieve that goal. Originality/value First, prior research has documented guanxi’s role in channel relationships, but it has not achieved consistent conclusions. Second, although existing studies have analyzed the contingencies of guanxi at the firm level, market level and institutional level, another important contingency “the dyadic relationship condition” is rarely considered. Third, although the extant research has realized the value of guanxi contingent on various market conditions, conflicting views exist. This study contributes by addressing these issues.

Ethnic diversity has short-term negative effects

2007 ◽  
Vol 195 (2619) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Mark Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Short Term

Is more customer control of services always better?

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Herm Joosten ◽  
Josée Bloemer ◽  
Bas Hillebrand
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Control Beliefs ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Marketing Practice ◽  
Desire For Control ◽  
Customer Empowerment ◽  
Customer Control ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose Research on empowerment and service co-production assumed that customers want more control and that more control is better. An empirical test of this assumption, however, is lacking. This study tests this assumption by not only focusing on the customer’s capacity and opportunity for control, but also taking into account the customer’s desire for control. Design/methodology/approach This study uses an experiment employing video clips depicting a service encounter in a banking context in which control beliefs are manipulated. Findings This study shows that more control in services is not always better because individuals vary in their desire for control; that state-measures of control are effective predictors of relevant attitudinal and behavioral effects like satisfaction and loyalty, and that the mechanism which produces these effects is the consistency between control beliefs. Research limitations/implications Future research on customer empowerment and service co-production should acknowledge the pivotal role of variations in desire for control, focus on inconsistencies in control beliefs to predict effects, and measure control beliefs as varying states rather than as stable personality traits. Practical implications Enhancing customer control of a service may primarily mean: giving the customer the option to control or not to control the service. Originality/value This study contributes to literature and marketing practice by demonstrating that more control may have negative effects and by demonstrating the mechanism by which these effects occur.

scholarly journals Generalized trust and diversity in the classroom: A longitudinal study of Romanian adolescents

2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-41
Author(s):  
Gabriel Bădescu ◽  
Paul E. Sum
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
School Students ◽  
Generalized Trust ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Multi Level

Generalized trust, the faith we place in strangers, is a fundamental attribute of democratic societies. We investigate the development of generalized trust using survey data collected from Romanian high school students within a multi-level, panel research design. We find that diversity in the classroom, defined through ethnic and socio-economic differences, has negative effects on generalized trust. Associational membership interacts indirectly with diversity, counteracting the negative impact of ethnic diversity but reinforcing socio-economic distinctions. The findings support cultural theories of generalized trust and point to the potentially positive role educational policy might play in encouraging trust among youths.

Nationalism and Human Rights

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emir Yazici
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Causal Mechanism ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
National Unity ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Large N ◽  
Core Elements ◽  
Civic Nationalism

Do nationalist political parties violate human rights more than others or are they the protectors of their people’s rights when they are in power? I argue that nationalist political actors have the duty of protecting national unity at any cost and prioritizing national interests over any other concerns. These goals jeopardize certain types of human rights. In contrast to the view that civic nationalism can be more benign compared with ethnic nationalism, I argue that they both have similar effects on human rights. However, democratic institutions can tame nationalism and limit its effects on human rights. I test my theory by using a large- N sample including forty-nine countries between 1981 and 2011, and supplement my findings with a short case study. The findings show that nationalism has negative effects on certain types of human rights only in partial democracies. This article contributes to the literature by presenting a causal mechanism relating the core elements of nationalism to human rights practices and providing the first large- N empirical test of this relationship. The findings of this article can help scholars, politicians, and citizens better understand a potentially dangerous consequence of the rise of nationalism around the world.

Group Diversity, Occupational Commitment, and Occupational Turnover Intentions among NCAA Division IA Football Coaching Staffs

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 236-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
George B. Cunningham ◽  
Michael Sagas
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Turnover Intentions ◽  
Occupational Commitment ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Turnover Intent ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Age Diversity ◽  
Football Coaching ◽  
Group Diversity ◽  
Organizational Tenure

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of age, ethnic, and organizational tenure diversity on occupational commitment and occupational turnover intent among coaching staffs. Data were gathered via questionnaire from coaches in 48 NCAA Division IA football coaching staffs (235 coaches). Hierarchical regression analyses, controlling for the success of the team and the number of respondents per team, indicated that the block of diversity variables accounted for 18% (p < .05) of the variance in occupational commitment and 16% (p < .05) of the variance in occupational turnover intentions. Tenure and ethnic diversity were significant predictors in both analyses, although age diversity was not. Implications are discussed in relation to the complexity of diversity and strategies to mitigate the negative effects of group diversity on group-level outcomes.

scholarly journals Comparing the effect of cross-group friendship on generalized trust to its effect on prejudice: The mediating role of threat perceptions and negative affect

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0245983
Author(s):  
Wahideh Achbari ◽  
Benny Geys ◽  
Bertjan Doosje
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Generalized Trust ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Threat Perceptions ◽  
Trust Relation ◽  
The Individual

Intergroup relations theory posits that cross-group friendship reduces threat perceptions and negative emotions about outgroups. This has been argued to mitigate the negative effects of ethnic diversity on generalized trust. Yet, direct tests of this friendship-trust relation, especially including perceptions of threat and negative affect as mediators, have remained rare at the individual level. In this article, we bridge this research gap using representative data from eight European countries (Group-Focused Enmity). We employ structural equation modelling (SEM) to model mediated paths of cross-group friendship on generalized trust via perceptions of threat and negative affect. We find that both the total effect as well as the (mediated) total indirect effect of cross-group friendship on generalized trust are weak when compared with similar paths estimated for prejudice.

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