Measurement of Biological Reaction Rates Using Advanced pH Control Systems

1989 ◽  
pp. 15-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suteaki Shioya
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
Ph Control ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Biological Reaction

pH control systems

1998 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 20
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
Ph Control

Activated carbon based biological fluidized beds for contaminated water and wastewater treatment: a state-of-the-art review

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 309-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Sutton ◽  
P. N. Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
North America ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Commercial Application ◽  
Water And Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Active Biomass ◽  
Commercial Media ◽  
Biological Reaction ◽  
High Concentrations

The ability of the biological fluidized bed (BFB) process configuration to intensify biological reaction rates through accumulation of high concentrations of active biomass has brought attention to the technology for the past twenty years. Over 80 commercial, media based BFB reactors have been installed in North America and Europe. Currently there is much interest in systems in which granular activated carbon (GAC) is used as the fluidizing media for treatment of contaminated waters and wastewaters. This paper provides a historical review of the development of the technology together with information on design and commercial application of the technology in North America.

scholarly journals The control systems structures of energy metabolism

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (45) ◽  
pp. 651-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Cloutier ◽  
Peter Wellstead
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Enzymatic Reaction ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Energy Regulation ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Perfect Adaptation ◽  
Energetic State ◽  
And Control

The biochemical regulation of energy metabolism (EM) allows cells to modulate their energetic output depending on available substrates and requirements. To this end, numerous biomolecular mechanisms exist that allow the sensing of the energetic state and corresponding adjustment of enzymatic reaction rates. This regulation is known to induce dynamic systems properties such as oscillations or perfect adaptation. Although the various mechanisms of energy regulation have been studied in detail from many angles at the experimental and theoretical levels, no framework is available for the systematic analysis of EM from a control systems perspective. In this study, we have used principles well known in control to clarify the basic system features that govern EM. The major result is a subdivision of the biomolecular mechanisms of energy regulation in terms of widely used engineering control mechanisms: proportional, integral, derivative control, and structures: feedback, cascade and feed-forward control. Evidence for each mechanism and structure is demonstrated and the implications for systems properties are shown through simulations. As the equivalence between biological systems and control components presented here is generic, it is also hypothesized that our work could eventually have an applicability that is much wider than the focus of the current study.

"Robustifying passive closed-loop Port-Hamiltonian systems using Observer Based Control"

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matías Nacusse ◽  
Alejandro Donaire ◽  
Sergio Junco
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
Hamiltonian Systems ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Ph Control ◽  
Bond Graph ◽  
Control Law ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Passivity Based Control

"This paper contributes a passivity-based approach to obtain a control law that robustifies Port-Hamiltonian (pH) control systems under external and state-dependent disturbances using disturbance observers (DO). A twostage design procedure is used to define the Disturbance Observed Based Control (DOBC) scheme. In the first stage a passivity based control law, called Interconnection and Damping assignment (IDA-PBC) is designed in the Bond Graph (BG) domain via BG prototyping, using an undisturbed model of the physical system. This stage is not the main issue of this paper and therefore the IDA-PBC law will be assumed to be known. The second stage, the main result of this paper, consists in the design of the DO and its integration with the IDA-PBC control law. The DO is derived in the BG domain via the integration of the residual signal computed from a Diagnostic Bond Graph (DBG). The methodology is developed through examples in the BG domain and formalized and extended in the pH framework."

Advances in biofilm aerobic reactors ensuring effective biofilm activity control

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 319-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Lazarova ◽  
J. Manem
Keyword(s):  
Scale Up ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
The State ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Principal Characteristics ◽  
Biofilm Thickness ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Mobile Bed ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Biological Reaction

Increasing volumes of wastewaters combined with limited space availability and progressively tightening standards and quality control, promote the development of new intensive biotechnologies for water treatment. Fixed biomass processes offer several advantages compared with conventional biological treatments, respectively, higher volumetric load, increased process stability and compactness of the reactors. The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the principal characteristics of advanced aerobic biofilm processes (performance, reactor configurations, scale-up, energy consumption, field of application, etc.), completed by a synthesis of their advantages and disadvantages. Emphasis is placed on the factors and techniques ensuring effective control of biofilm thickness and better mass transfer. For better understanding of biofilm processes, a new bioreactor classification is proposed as a function of the state of the biomass, the state of the medium and the hydrodynamic conditions. The control of the biofilm thickness is recognized as one of the most important parameters influencing process performance and efficiency. It is concluded that three-phase bioreactors ensure enhanced biological reaction rates through an effective biofilm control. However, further studies are needed to develop new economically attractive full scale mobile bed bioreactors.

scholarly journals Phase separation of TPX2 enhances and spatially coordinates microtubule nucleation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R. King ◽  
Sabine Petry
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Microtubule Nucleation ◽  
Spindle Formation ◽  
Unknown Mechanism ◽  
Reaction Efficiency ◽  
Relevant Concentration ◽  
Importin Α ◽  
Biological Reaction

AbstractPhase separation of substrates and effectors is proposed to enhance biological reaction rates and efficiency. TPX2 is an effector of microtubule nucleation in spindles, and functions with the substrate tubulin by an unknown mechanism. Here, we show that TPX2 phase separates into a co-condensate with tubulin, which mediates microtubule nucleation in vitro and in isolated cytosol. TPX2-tubulin co-condensation preferentially occurs on pre-existing microtubules at the endogenous and physiologically relevant concentration of TPX2. Truncation and chimera versions of TPX2 directly demonstrate that TPX2-tubulin co-condensation enhances the efficiency of TPX2-mediated microtubule nucleation. Finally, the known inhibitor of TPX2, the importin-α/β heterodimer, regulates both co-condensation and activity. Our study demonstrates how regulated phase separation can simultaneously enhance reaction efficiency and spatially coordinate microtubule nucleation, which may facilitate rapid and accurate spindle formation.

scholarly journals Assessing the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Salmon Frame Proteins through Different By-Product/Water Ratios and pH Regimes

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 3045
Author(s):  
Pedro Valencia ◽  
Silvana Valdivia ◽  
Suleivys Nuñez ◽  
Reza Ovissipour ◽  
Marlene Pinto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Ph Control ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Degree Of Hydrolysis ◽  
Added Water ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
By Products ◽  
Water Ratio

The enzymatic hydrolysis of fish by-product proteins is traditionally carried out by mixing ground by-products with water. In addition, pH control is used to avoid pH drops. Higher costs are involved due to the use of pH control systems and the consequent energy cost in the drying stage. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of these conditions on the hydrolysis of salmon frame (SF) proteins, including the SF hydrolysis without added water. SF hydrolysis by subtilisin at 50, 75, and 100% SF under different pH regimes were evaluated by released α-amino (α-NH) groups, total nitrogen, degree of hydrolysis, and estimated peptide chain length (PCL) at 55 °C. The concentration of released α-NH groups was higher in the conditions with less added water. However, the nitrogen recovery decreased from 50 to 24% at 50 and 100% SF, respectively. Changing the SF/water ratio had a more significant effect than changing the pH regime. Estimated PCL changed from 5–7 to 7–9 at 50 and 100% SF, respectively. The operating conditions affected the hydrolysis performance and the molecular characteristics of the hydrolysate.

Measurement of enzyme reaction rates using advanced pH control system: Application of repetitive PF system

1989 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 794-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Shimizu ◽  
Eizo Sada ◽  
Suteaki Shioya ◽  
Ken-ichi Suga
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
System Application ◽  
Enzyme Reaction ◽  
Ph Control ◽  
Reaction Rates

pH control systems with in-line mixer: An experimental study

2001 ◽  
Vol 34 (25) ◽  
pp. 95-100
Author(s):  
Ho Cheol Park ◽  
Doe Gyoon Koo ◽  
Jietae Lee
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Ph Control

On a general model structure for macroscopic biological reaction rates

2007 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Grosfils ◽  
A. Vande Wouwer ◽  
Ph. Bogaerts
Keyword(s):  
General Model ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Model Structure ◽  
Biological Reaction
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