Nitrate loss through leaching and surface runoff from grassland: effects of water supply, soil type and management

1986 ◽  
pp. 99-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Garwood ◽  
J. C. Ryden
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Nitrate Loss

DRAINAGE SYSTEM IMPACTS ON SURFACE RUNOFF, NITRATE LOSS, AND CROP YIELD ON A SOUTHERN ALLUVIAL SOIL

2003 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1531-1537 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Grigg ◽  
L. M Southwick ◽  
J. L. Fouss ◽  
T. S. Kornecki
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Alluvial Soil ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Nitrate Loss

scholarly journals Experiments on the Heaving Force of Freezing Soil

1977 ◽  
Vol 19 (81) ◽  
pp. 674-675
Author(s):  
Seiiti Kinosita
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
List Type ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Soil Particles ◽  
Freezing Soil ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Soil Block

Abstract Frost heaving of soil is accompanied by a force which often causes severe damage to structures. It was suggested by Everett that this so-called “heaving force" can be attributed to the coexistence of ice and water in micropores among soil particles which characterize the soil type and can be computed thermodynamically. However, the actual heaving force changes in a complicated manner depending on various factors including freezing speed, constraining condition for a soil block, and, of course, soil type. Measurements of heaving force were carried out on various soil samples (sand, sandy loam, sandy clay loam, and two kinds of clays) under various freezing conditions: freezing speed in a range from 0.10 cm/h to 0.35 cm/h, presence or absence of water supply, complete or loose axial constraint applied to a soil block. In each experiment, soil was packed in a cylindrical container with a diameter of 11 cm and a height of 10 cm. A disk was placed on top of the soil contained in the container to constrain the sample either rigidly (a complete axial constraint) or less rigidly through a spring (a loose axial constraint). Main results of the measurements were as follows: (1) Under complete axial constraint, the heaving force decreased with decrease in the freezing speed and with the increase in the size of soil particles (from 6 bars to 1 bar for clay; from 4 bars to 1 bar for sandy clay loam; from 4 bars to 0.8 bar for sandy loam; from 1.5 bars to 0.6 bar for sand). (2) Without the constraint, the heave amount was almost independent of the freezing speed when there was no water supply (8 mm for clay; 6.5 mm for sandy clay loam; 3.5 mm for sandy loam; 1 mm for sand). (3) The heaving force decreased very rapidly with the loosening of the axial constraint by weakening the spring. The results indicate that it is practical to treat the heaving force phenomenologically as a kind of resistive force exerted by freezing soil on a container holding the soil. Because of a volumetric increase due to the transformation of water into ice at the freezing front, both unfrozen and frozen parts of the soil suffer some strain if the soil is somehow constrained by the container. The strains cause stresses which appear as the heaving force. A formula for the heaving force is given in which both the frozen and the unfrozen soil are treated as viscoelastic bodies.

The effects of soil compaction, soil moisture and soil type on growth and nodulation of soybean and common bean

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Buttery ◽  
C. S. Tan ◽  
C. F. Drury ◽  
S. J. Park ◽  
R. J. Armstrong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Reduced Water

In field tests we have observed year-to-year differences in the severity of the effects of soil compaction on nodulation and growth of common bean; these differences appeared to be related to the amount of rainfall during the growing season. We decided to use better controlled conditions in the greenhouse, and extend the scope of the study to another legume crop and a different soil type, in order to investigate the hypothesis that copious water supply alleviates the adverse effects of soil compaction on nodulation and plant growth.The effects of two levels of soil compaction and of high and low water supply on the growth and nodulation of common bean and soybean were investigated in separate pot tests using a Fox sandy loam and a Brookston clay loam soil.Root growth of both species was severely restricted by dry compacted conditions. Plant growth as a whole was clearly reduced by both increased compaction and by reduced water supply, presumably mediated by the effects on root growth. The effect of reduced water supply was more severe in the highly compacted pots, and more severe in the clay loam than in the sandy loam.In the sandy loam, low moisture reduced nodule numbers and weights in both species, while increased bulk density reduced the numbers of nodules but not the dry weights. In the clay loam, nodule weights and numbers were very low, presumably, owing to high levels of nitrate, which may have resulted from mineralization of soil organic matter during storage.A generous supply of water obviously alleviated some of the adverse effects of soil compaction on plant growth. This is in general agreement with results of earlier field trials, where severity of the effects of soil compaction varied with the quantity of rainfall. Key words: Soybean, common bean, soil compaction, soil moisture, nodulation, bulk density

scholarly journals Experiments on the Heaving Force of Freezing Soil

1977 ◽  
Vol 19 (81) ◽  
pp. 674-675
Author(s):  
Seiiti Kinosita
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
List Type ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Soil Particles ◽  
Freezing Soil ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Soil Block

AbstractFrost heaving of soil is accompanied by a force which often causes severe damage to structures. It was suggested by Everett that this so-called “heaving force" can be attributed to the coexistence of ice and water in micropores among soil particles which characterize the soil type and can be computed thermodynamically. However, the actual heaving force changes in a complicated manner depending on various factors including freezing speed, constraining condition for a soil block, and, of course, soil type.Measurements of heaving force were carried out on various soil samples (sand, sandy loam, sandy clay loam, and two kinds of clays) under various freezing conditions: freezing speed in a range from 0.10 cm/h to 0.35 cm/h, presence or absence of water supply, complete or loose axial constraint applied to a soil block. In each experiment, soil was packed in a cylindrical container with a diameter of 11 cm and a height of 10 cm. A disk was placed on top of the soil contained in the container to constrain the sample either rigidly (a complete axial constraint) or less rigidly through a spring (a loose axial constraint). Main results of the measurements were as follows: (1)Under complete axial constraint, the heaving force decreased with decrease in the freezing speed and with the increase in the size of soil particles (from 6 bars to 1 bar for clay; from 4 bars to 1 bar for sandy clay loam; from 4 bars to 0.8 bar for sandy loam; from 1.5 bars to 0.6 bar for sand).(2)Without the constraint, the heave amount was almost independent of the freezing speed when there was no water supply (8 mm for clay; 6.5 mm for sandy clay loam; 3.5 mm for sandy loam; 1 mm for sand).(3)The heaving force decreased very rapidly with the loosening of the axial constraint by weakening the spring.The results indicate that it is practical to treat the heaving force phenomenologically as a kind of resistive force exerted by freezing soil on a container holding the soil. Because of a volumetric increase due to the transformation of water into ice at the freezing front, both unfrozen and frozen parts of the soil suffer some strain if the soil is somehow constrained by the container. The strains cause stresses which appear as the heaving force. A formula for the heaving force is given in which both the frozen and the unfrozen soil are treated as viscoelastic bodies.

Long-term Cropping Effects on Partitioning of Water Flow and Nitrate Loss between Surface Runoff and Tile Drainage

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 820-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Woodley ◽  
C. F. Drury ◽  
W. D. Reynolds ◽  
C. S Tan ◽  
X. M. Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Tile Drainage ◽  
Nitrate Loss

RESPONSE OF BROCCOLI TO FIVE SOIL WATER REGIMES

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 953-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. MAURER
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Water Regimes ◽  
Soil Water Stress ◽  
Head Formation

Plants of broccoli, Brassica oleracea var. italica, were grown in weighing lysimeters and exposed to five soil water regimes. These regimes restored soil water to field capacity at 88% of available water for the wet treatment, 60% for the medium and 32% for the dry. In the wet–dry and dry–wet regimes, water depletion levels were changed at time of head formation. Soil water stress imposed prior to heading reduced plant size, but yield of marketable heads was not significantly reduced from that of plants grown in the wet regime when an adequate water supply was maintained after heading. Yield of marketable heads was least in the dry and wet–dry regimes and intermediate in the medium regime. Plants in the dry–wet regime did not consume as much water as those in the wet regime during the period from heading to harvest. In maritime areas which do not normally experience excessively high temperatures, withholding irrigation until heads begin to form can be recommended, provided the soil type is capable of retaining moisture and is at field capacity at planting.

Analysis of urban water cycle considering water reuse options

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 101-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lee ◽  
G. Pak ◽  
C. Yoo ◽  
J. Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Feasibility Analysis ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Total Rainfall ◽  
Reuse Options ◽  
Urban Water Cycle

Water cycle analysis was performed for Gunja basin located in metropolitan Seoul using Aquacycle model in order to assess the problems of urban water cycle. From the water cycle analysis of Gunja basin, it was found that 75% of total rainfall occurred in the form of surface runoff, and groundwater recharge only accounted for about 7%. This suggests serious distortion of water cycle which can be attributed to urbanization. Feasibility analysis of reuse scenarios such as rainwater use and wastewater reuse was then performed to examine their influences on improving the water cycle. From the analysis of water reuse options, it was shown that imported water supply savings of 13% can be achieved through rainwater use, and water supply savings of 31% through wastewater reuse.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KOEFISIEN LIMPASAN PERMUKAAN KOTA MAKASSAR DENGAN METODE COOK

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 285
Author(s):  
Sudirman Nganro ◽  
Slamet Trisutomo ◽  
Roland Alexander Barkey ◽  
Mukti Ali
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Runoff Coefficient ◽  
Surface Deposit ◽  
Watershed Characteristics ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Flood Discharge ◽  
Meteorological Elements ◽  
Land Cover Maps

Rain falling on the Watershed will turn into a stream in the river, this is because the rainwater is not entirely infiltrated into the soil, the unabsorbed water is called surface runoff. Factors affecting runoff are meteorological elements and drainage elements. This study aims to calculate the surface runoff coefficient using land cover maps 2017 and 2050, slope and soil type as parameters. Cook method divides the watershed characteristics into 4 sections as parameters to calculate the runoff coefficient of topography, soil type, vegetation cover and surface deposit. Each parameter is weighted based on its characteristics to calculate the coefficient of surface runoff symbolized by the letter C. The analysis results show that in the year 2017 obtained the value of C = 0.4734 and for the year 2050 C = 0.4785. There's a difference of 0.0051 coefficient of runoff value between land use map and land cover in 2017 and 2050. The results of this study will be used to calculate the flood discharge design in the object of research in Makassar City.

scholarly journals Water supply and water runoff quality in the sub deciduous forest of the Coast of Oaxaca, Mexico

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-103
Author(s):  
Estrella E. Blancas-Díaz ◽  
◽  
Ernesto Castañeda-Hidalgo ◽  
Celerino Robles ◽  
Gerardo Rodríguez-Ortiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Human Use ◽  
Santa Maria

Introduction: Land use change and waste discharge from coffee processing may be affecting quantity and quality of water supplying urban areas in the coastal region of Oaxaca.Objective: To determine the level of contamination of aquifers and estimate surface water runoff in micro-watersheds of Pluma Hidalgo and Santa María Huatulco in Oaxaca, Mexico.Materials and methods: Seven water supply points were analyzed during the rainy season of 2019. The following physicochemical parameters were determined: pH, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, hardness, total solids, chlorides, and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Surface runoff was estimated using the Raws and Prevert methods.Results and discussion. Water bodies are within the permissible limits for human use. The Chacalapilla spring was classified as moderately hard (85 mg CaCO3∙L-1), while the seven water bodies exceeded the permissible limit for COD (40 to 200 mg∙L-1); therefore, water is in a contaminated classification range and is not suitable for human consumption. Surface runoff values suggest a medium conservation condition of vegetation cover; areas with higher cover recorded lower runoff coefficients.Conclusions. The physicochemical parameters indicated that water from Pluma Hidalgo and Santa María Huatulco is suitable for human use, but not for drinking

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF HYDROLOGIC RESPONSE UNIT ON CI RASEA WATERSHED STREAMFLOW BASED ON LANDSAT TM

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
. Emiyati ◽  
Eko Kusratmoko ◽  
. Sobirin
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Landsat Tm ◽  
Hydrologic Response ◽  
Flow Discharge ◽  
Hydrologic Response Unit

. This paper discusses spatial pattern of Hydrologic Response Unit (HRU), which is a unit formed of hydrological analysis, including geology and soil type, elevation and slope, and also land cover in 2009. This paper also discusses the impact of HRU on streamflow of Ci Rasea watershed, West Java. Ci Rasea watershed is located at the upstream part of Ci Tarum watersheds in West Java Province, Indonesia. This research used SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model to obtain spatial HRU and river flow. The method used Landsat TM data for land cover and daily rainfall for river flow modeling. The results have shown spatial pattern of HRU which was affected by land cover, soil type and slope. In 2009, accumulated surface runoff and streamflow changes were spatially affected by HRU changes. The large amount accumulation of river flow discharge happened in HRU with landcover paddy field, silty clay soil, and flat slope. While the low discharge of river flow happened in HRU with plantation, clay soil, and slightly steep slopes as HRU dominant. It was found that accumulation of surface runoff in Ci Rasea watershed can be reduced by changing the land cover type in some areas with clay and slightly steep slope to become plantation area and the areas with sandy loam soil and flat slope can be used for paddy fields. Beside affected by HRU, the river flow discharge was also affected by the distance of sub watershed to the outlet. By using NS model and statistical t-student for calibration and validation, it was obtained that the accuracy of river flow models with HRU was 70%. It meant that the model could better simulate water flows of the Ci Rasea watershed.

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