Multiple Herbicide Resistance in Annual Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum): A Driving Force for the Adoption of Integrated Weed Management

Annual ryegrass (ARG) (Lolium rigidum Gaudin) is a problematic weed for chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) production in Australia. Understanding the critical period of control of ARG in chickpea is important for developing effective integrated management strategies to prevent unacceptable yield loss. Experiments were conducted over 2 years at the research farm of the University of Queensland, Gatton, to evaluate the effect of chickpea row spacing (25 and 75cm) and cultivar (PBA Seamer and PBA HatTrick) and ARG infestation period (from 0, 3 and 6 weeks after planting (WAP), and weed-free) on ARG suppression and grain yield of chickpea. Year×treatment interactions were not significant for any parameter, and none of the treatment combinations showed any interaction for grain yield. Average grain yield was greater (20%) with 25-cm than 75-cm rows. On average, PBA Seamer had 9% higher yield than PBA HatTrick. Average grain yield was lowest in season-long weedy plots (562kg ha–1) and highest in weed-free plots (1849kg ha–1). Grain yield losses were lower when ARG emerged at 3 WAP (1679kg ha–1). Late-emerged ARG (3 and 6 WAP) had lower biomass (4.7–22.2g m–2) and number of spikes (5–24m–2) than ARG that emerged early; at 0 WAP, weed biomass was 282–337g m–2 and number of spikes 89–120m–2. Compared with wide row spacing, narrow row spacing suppressed ARG biomass by 16% and 52% and reduced number of spikes of ARG by 26% and 48% at 0 WAP and 3 WAP, respectively. PBA Seamer suppressed ARG growth more effectively than PBA HatTrick, but only in the season-long weedy plots. Our results imply that in ARG-infested fields, grain yield of chickpea can be increased by exploring narrow row spacing and weed-competitive cultivars. These cultural tools could be useful for developing integrated weed management tactics in chickpea in combination with pre-emergent herbicides.

Download Full-text

The economic value of haying and green manuring in the integrated management of annual ryegrass and wild radish in a Western Australian farming system

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea03144 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 44 (12) ◽

pp. 1195 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

M. Monjardino ◽

D. J. Pannell ◽

S. B. Powles

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Herbicide Resistance ◽

Weed Management ◽

Integrated Management ◽

Farming System ◽

Integrated Weed Management ◽

Annual Ryegrass ◽

Wild Radish ◽

Raphanus Raphanistrum ◽

Green Manuring

Most cropping farms in Western Australia must deal with the management of herbicide-resistant populations of weeds such as annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum). Farmers are approaching the problem of herbicide resistance by adopting integrated weed management systems, which allow weed control with a range of different techniques. These systems include non-herbicide methods ranging from delayed seeding and high crop seeding rates to the use of non-cropping phases in the rotation. In this paper, the Multi-species RIM (resistance and integrated management) model was used to investigate the value of including non-cropping phases in the crop rotation. Non-crop options investigated here were haying and green manuring. Despite them providing excellent weed control, it was found that inclusion of these non-cropping phases did not increase returns, except in cases of extreme weed numbers and high levels of herbicide resistance.

Download Full-text

The economic value of pasture phases in the integrated management of annual ryegrass and wild radish in a Western Australian farming system

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea03050 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 44 (3) ◽

pp. 265 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

M. Monjardino ◽

D. J. Pannell ◽

S. B. Powles

Keyword(s):

Herbicide Resistance ◽

Weed Management ◽

Integrated Management ◽

Economic Value ◽

Farming System ◽

Integrated Weed Management ◽

Continuous Cropping ◽

Annual Ryegrass ◽

Wild Radish ◽

Raphanus Raphanistrum

Most cropping farms in Western Australia must deal with the management of herbicide-resistant populations of weeds such as annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaudin) and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum�L.). Farmers are approaching the problem of herbicide resistance by adopting integrated weed management systems, which allow weed control with a range of different techniques. One important question in the design of such systems is whether and when the benefits of including pasture in rotation with crops exceed the costs. In this paper, the multi-species resistance and integrated management model was used to investigate the value of including pasture phases in the crop rotation. The most promising of the systems examined appears to be so-called 'phase farming', involving occasional 3-year phases of pasture rather than shorter, more frequent and regular pasture phases. This approach was competitive with the best continuous cropping rotation in a number of scenarios, particularly where herbicide resistance was at high levels.

Download Full-text

The Remarkable Journey of a Weed: Biology and Management of Annual Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Conservation Cropping Systems of Australia

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10081505 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1505

Author(s):

Ali Ahsan Bajwa ◽

Sajid Latif ◽

Catherine Borger ◽

Nadeem Iqbal ◽

Md Asaduzzaman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weed Management ◽

Production Systems ◽

Conservation Tillage ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Integrated Weed Management ◽

Annual Ryegrass ◽

Grain Production ◽

Competitive Growth ◽

Lolium Rigidum ◽

Negative Impacts

Annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.), traditionally utilised as a pasture species, has become the most problematic and difficult-to-control weed across grain production regions in Australia. Annual ryegrass has been favoured by the adoption of conservation tillage systems due to its genetic diversity, prolific seed production, widespread dispersal, flexible germination requirements and competitive growth habit. The widespread evolution of herbicide resistance in annual ryegrass has made its management within these systems extremely difficult. The negative impacts of this weed on grain production systems result in annual revenue losses exceeding $93 million (AUD) for Australian grain growers. No single method of management provides effective and enduring control hence the need of integrated weed management programs is widely accepted and practiced in Australian cropping. Although annual ryegrass is an extensively researched weed, a comprehensive review of the biology and management of this weed in conservation cropping systems has not been conducted. This review presents an up-to-date account of knowledge on the biology, ecology and management of annual ryegrass in an Australian context. This comprehensive account provides pragmatic information for further research and suitable management of annual ryegrass.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of seedling allelopathy in 453 wheat (Triticum aestivum) accessions against annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) by the equal-compartment-agar method

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar00017 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 51 (7) ◽

pp. 937 ◽

Cited By ~ 71

Author(s):

H. Wu ◽

J. Pratley ◽

D. Lemerle ◽

T. Haig

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Weed Management ◽

Wheat Seedling ◽

Weed Suppression ◽

Integrated Weed Management ◽

Annual Ryegrass ◽

Lolium Rigidum ◽

Allelopathic Potential ◽

Allelopathic Activity ◽

Agar Method

Allelopathy has been receiving world-wide attention for its potential in integrated weed management. A newly developed screening bioassay, the ‘equal-compartment-agar method’ (ECAM), was used to evaluate seedling allelopathy against annual ryegrass in a collection of 453 wheat accessions originating from 50 countries. Significant differences in allelopathic potential were found in this worldwide collection, inhibiting root growth of ryegrass from 9.7% to 90.9%. Wheat seedling allelopathy also varied significantly with accessions from different countries. Wheat allelopathic activity was normally distributed within the collection, indicating the involvement of multiple genes conferring the allelopathic trait. Of the 453 wheat accessions screened, 2 distinct groups were identified. Condor-derivatives were more allelopathic than Pavon-derivatives, with an average inhibition of root growth of ryegrass by 76% and 46%, respectively. Research was further extended to investigate the near isogenic lines derived from Hartog (Pavon-derivative) and Janz (Condor-derivative). Hartog and its backcrossed lines were less allelopathic than Janz and its backcrossed lines, inhibiting root length of ryegrass by 45% and 81%, respectively. These results strongly indicate that wheat allelopathic activity might also be controlled by major genes, depending on the particular populations. The present study demonstrates that there is a considerable genetic variation of allelopathic activity in wheat germplasm. It is possible to breed for cultivars with enhanced allelopathic activity for weed suppression.

Download Full-text

Environmental factors may influence interseeded annual ryegrass and red clover establishment and growth more than soil residual herbicide applications

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/wet.2019.3 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 296-302

Author(s):

Victoria L. Stanton ◽

Erin R. Haramoto

Keyword(s):

Environmental Factors ◽

Herbicide Resistance ◽

Cover Crops ◽

Weed Management ◽

Red Clover ◽

Minimal Risk ◽

Annual Ryegrass ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Chemical Strategies ◽

Residual Herbicide

AbstractIntegrating multiple weed management (cultural, physical, chemical) strategies is often recommended to combat herbicide resistance. With the increased use of interseeded cover crops, the effects of PRE herbicides on their establishment and growth require study. An investigation was conducted in Lexington, KY, in 2016 through 2018 to assess the extent to which commonly used PRE corn herbicide combinations influenced interseeded red clover and annual ryegrass establishment and growth. Annual ryegrass density was reduced 29% at 3 wk after interseeding by the combination of residual dimethenamid-P and atrazine; however, biomass the following spring was not affected by herbicide combinations. Neither density of interseeded red clover at 2 to 3 wk after interseeding nor biomass prior to termination the following spring were influenced by herbicide combinations. However, red clover density was affected by herbicide treatment 5 wk after interseeding in 2016. These results could have been influenced by low summer survival, particularly in 2016. The environmental factors may have influenced the survival of the interseeded cover crops more than the PRE herbicides. This study suggests that multiple PRE herbicides can be used with minimal risk to interseeded red clover or annual ryegrass. However, the influence of the environment on establishment and survival of interseeded cover crops following the use of PRE herbicides requires further study.

Download Full-text

A New Approach to Weed Management to Mitigate Herbicide Resistance in Argentina

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-d-16-00016.1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 64 (SP1) ◽

pp. 641-648 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Claudio Rubione ◽

Sarah M. Ward

Keyword(s):

Herbicide Resistance ◽

Weed Management ◽

Integrated Weed Management ◽

National Committee ◽

Weed Species ◽

Corn Production ◽

Public And Private ◽

Herbicide Resistant ◽

Crop Varieties ◽

Export Taxes

The evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds is a major concern in the corn- and soybean-producing Pampas region of Argentina, where growers predominantly plant glyphosate-resistant crop varieties and depend heavily on glyphosate for weed control. Currently, 16 weed species in Argentina are resistant to one or more of three different herbicide mechanisms of action, and resistant weed populations continue to increase, posing a serious threat to agricultural production. Implementation of integrated weed management to address herbicide resistance faces significant barriers in Argentina, especially current land ownership and rental patterns in the Pampas. More than 60% of Pampas cropland is rented to tenants for periods that rarely exceed 1 yr, resulting in crop rotation being largely abandoned, and crop export taxes and quotas have further discouraged wheat and corn production in favor of continuous soybean production. In this paper we discuss ways to facilitate new approaches to weed management in Argentina, including legal and economic reforms and the formation of a national committee of stakeholders from public and private agricultural sectors.

Download Full-text

The occurrence of herbicide-resistant Avena fatua (wild oats) populations to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides in Ireland

Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research ◽

10.15212/ijafr-2020-0127 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

R. Byrne ◽

A.V. Vijaya Bhaskar ◽

J. Spink ◽

R. Freckleton ◽

P. Neve ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Herbicide Resistance ◽

Weed Management ◽

Resistance Mechanism ◽

Point Mutations ◽

Acetolactate Synthase ◽

Avena Fatua ◽

Integrated Weed Management ◽

Cross Resistance ◽

Wild Oats ◽

Als Inhibitor

Following growers’ reports of herbicide control problems, populations of 30 wild oats, Avena fatua, were collected from the south-east main arable counties of Ireland in 2016 and investigated for the occurrence and potential for herbicide resistance to acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors pinoxaden, propaquizafop and cycloxydim, as well as acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron. Plant survival ≥20% was considered as the discriminating threshold between resistant and susceptible populations, when plants were treated with full recommended field rates of ACCase/ALS inhibitors. Glasshouse sensitivity screens revealed 2 out of 30 populations were cross-resistant to all three ACCase inhibitors. While three populations were cross-resistant to both pinoxaden and propaquizafop, and additionally, two populations were resistant to propaquizafop only. Different degree of resistance and cross-resistance between resistant populations suggest the involvement of either different point mutations or more than one resistance mechanism. Nevertheless, all populations including the seven ACCase-resistant populations were equally susceptible to ALS inhibitor. An integrated weed management (cultural/non-chemical control tactics and judicious use of herbicides) approach is strongly recommended to minimize the risk of herbicide resistance evolution.

Download Full-text