Evaluation of seedling allelopathy in 453 wheat (Triticum aestivum) accessions against annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) by the equal-compartment-agar method

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (7) ◽  
pp. 937 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Wu ◽  
J. Pratley ◽  
D. Lemerle ◽  
T. Haig
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Wheat Seedling ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Allelopathic Potential ◽  
Allelopathic Activity ◽  
Agar Method

Allelopathy has been receiving world-wide attention for its potential in integrated weed management. A newly developed screening bioassay, the ‘equal-compartment-agar method’ (ECAM), was used to evaluate seedling allelopathy against annual ryegrass in a collection of 453 wheat accessions originating from 50 countries. Significant differences in allelopathic potential were found in this worldwide collection, inhibiting root growth of ryegrass from 9.7% to 90.9%. Wheat seedling allelopathy also varied significantly with accessions from different countries. Wheat allelopathic activity was normally distributed within the collection, indicating the involvement of multiple genes conferring the allelopathic trait. Of the 453 wheat accessions screened, 2 distinct groups were identified. Condor-derivatives were more allelopathic than Pavon-derivatives, with an average inhibition of root growth of ryegrass by 76% and 46%, respectively. Research was further extended to investigate the near isogenic lines derived from Hartog (Pavon-derivative) and Janz (Condor-derivative). Hartog and its backcrossed lines were less allelopathic than Janz and its backcrossed lines, inhibiting root length of ryegrass by 45% and 81%, respectively. These results strongly indicate that wheat allelopathic activity might also be controlled by major genes, depending on the particular populations. The present study demonstrates that there is a considerable genetic variation of allelopathic activity in wheat germplasm. It is possible to breed for cultivars with enhanced allelopathic activity for weed suppression.

Influence of row spacing and cultivar selection on annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) control and grain yield in chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gulshan Mahajan ◽  
Kerry McKenzie ◽  
Bhagirath S. Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Cicer Arietinum ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Narrow Row

Annual ryegrass (ARG) (Lolium rigidum Gaudin) is a problematic weed for chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) production in Australia. Understanding the critical period of control of ARG in chickpea is important for developing effective integrated management strategies to prevent unacceptable yield loss. Experiments were conducted over 2 years at the research farm of the University of Queensland, Gatton, to evaluate the effect of chickpea row spacing (25 and 75cm) and cultivar (PBA Seamer and PBA HatTrick) and ARG infestation period (from 0, 3 and 6 weeks after planting (WAP), and weed-free) on ARG suppression and grain yield of chickpea. Year×treatment interactions were not significant for any parameter, and none of the treatment combinations showed any interaction for grain yield. Average grain yield was greater (20%) with 25-cm than 75-cm rows. On average, PBA Seamer had 9% higher yield than PBA HatTrick. Average grain yield was lowest in season-long weedy plots (562kg ha–1) and highest in weed-free plots (1849kg ha–1). Grain yield losses were lower when ARG emerged at 3 WAP (1679kg ha–1). Late-emerged ARG (3 and 6 WAP) had lower biomass (4.7–22.2g m–2) and number of spikes (5–24m–2) than ARG that emerged early; at 0 WAP, weed biomass was 282–337g m–2 and number of spikes 89–120m–2. Compared with wide row spacing, narrow row spacing suppressed ARG biomass by 16% and 52% and reduced number of spikes of ARG by 26% and 48% at 0 WAP and 3 WAP, respectively. PBA Seamer suppressed ARG growth more effectively than PBA HatTrick, but only in the season-long weedy plots. Our results imply that in ARG-infested fields, grain yield of chickpea can be increased by exploring narrow row spacing and weed-competitive cultivars. These cultural tools could be useful for developing integrated weed management tactics in chickpea in combination with pre-emergent herbicides.

scholarly journals The Remarkable Journey of a Weed: Biology and Management of Annual Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Conservation Cropping Systems of Australia

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1505
Author(s):  
Ali Ahsan Bajwa ◽  
Sajid Latif ◽  
Catherine Borger ◽  
Nadeem Iqbal ◽  
Md Asaduzzaman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Competitive Growth ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Negative Impacts

Annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.), traditionally utilised as a pasture species, has become the most problematic and difficult-to-control weed across grain production regions in Australia. Annual ryegrass has been favoured by the adoption of conservation tillage systems due to its genetic diversity, prolific seed production, widespread dispersal, flexible germination requirements and competitive growth habit. The widespread evolution of herbicide resistance in annual ryegrass has made its management within these systems extremely difficult. The negative impacts of this weed on grain production systems result in annual revenue losses exceeding $93 million (AUD) for Australian grain growers. No single method of management provides effective and enduring control hence the need of integrated weed management programs is widely accepted and practiced in Australian cropping. Although annual ryegrass is an extensively researched weed, a comprehensive review of the biology and management of this weed in conservation cropping systems has not been conducted. This review presents an up-to-date account of knowledge on the biology, ecology and management of annual ryegrass in an Australian context. This comprehensive account provides pragmatic information for further research and suitable management of annual ryegrass.

Laboratory screening for allelopathic potential of wheat (Triticum aestivum) accessions against annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 259 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Wu ◽  
J. Pratley ◽  
D. Lemerle ◽  
T. Haig
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Allelopathic Effect ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Allelopathic Potential ◽  
Allelopathic Activity ◽  
New Bioassay

A new screening bioassay, the ‘equal-compartment-agar-method (ECAM)’, was developed and employed to evaluate 92 wheat cultivars for their allelopathic activity on the inhibition of root growth of annual ryegrass (L. rigidum). Results showed that the allelopathic activity of wheat was associated with the sowing time of ryegrass seeds, the number of wheat seedlings, agar quantities, and agar concentrations. The addition of activated charcoal into the agar medium significantly alleviated wheat allelopathic inhibition on the root growth of ryegrass, indicating that wheat allelopathic activity is chemically driven. There were significant differences between wheat cultivars in their allelopathic potential at the seedling stage on the inhibition of root elongation of annual ryegrass, varying from 23.98% to 90.91%. Re-screening of 22 selected wheat accessions showed that the allelopathic potential of wheat cultivars is consistent between different years under the same experimental conditions. This newly developed screening bioassay successfully separated the allelopathic effect from the competitive effect between wheat and ryegrass plants, and enabled the constant release and accumulation of allelochemicals from living wheat seedlings into the growth medium to affect the growth of ryegrass. The influence of microorganisms was also avoided because of the sterile conditions. The present study describes this new bioassay suitable for the efficient screening of a large number of wheat cultivars under laboratory conditions.

POTENSI ALELOKIMIA DARI EXTRACT DAN MULSA BIOMAS TANAMAN SORGUM (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-128
Author(s):  
Advent F. Sitanggang ◽  
Marulak Simarmata ◽  
Bilman Wilman Simanihuruk ◽  
Uswatun Nurjanah
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Allelopathic Potential ◽  
Vigor Index ◽  
Test Plants ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L

[ALLELOCHEMICAL POTENTIAL OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT AND MULCH OF PLANT BIOMASS OF SORGHUM (Sorgum bicolor L. Moench)]. This study was aimed to examine the allelopathic potential of sorghum through aqueous extract and mulch from biomass on seed germination and early growth of three tested plants, namely rice, mustard and cucumber. The results showed that the aqueous extract of the sorghum biomass significantly inhibited the germination of mustard and cucumber seeds, reduced the vigor-index of the germination of rice, mustard and cucumber seeds, and suppressed the growth of radicle length of mustard sprouts. The same thing was seen when sorghum biomass was tested as mulch which also suppressed the early growth of the tested plants on the variables of stem height, fresh and dry weight of biomass of rice, mustard and cucumber. The higher the concentration of allelochemicals extract or sorghum mulch, the stronger the inhibition on germination and early growth of the three test plants. At a concentration of 10% allelochemicals suppressed the germination of mustard and cucumber to 76 and 79%, respectively, while a dose of 10% mulch suppressed early growth in the height of rice, mustard, and cucumber to 56, 55, and 68%; and dry weight to 53, 30 and 60%. The results of this study are important information about the allelochemical potential of sorghum as a natural herbicide in integrated weed management

Can results from a laboratory bioassay be used as an indicator of field performance of rice cultivars with allelopathic potential against Damasonium minus (starfruit)?

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexa N. Seal ◽  
James E. Pratley ◽  
Terry Haig
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Laboratory Bioassay ◽  
Allelopathic Potential ◽  
Control Comparison

Several weeds of rice in Australia have developed resistance to the main herbicide available for their control. Allelopathy is one phenomenon that could be incorporated into an integrated weed-management system as a supplement or alternative to synthetic herbicides. Several rice cultivars were screened both in the laboratory and the field for allelopathic potential against a major rice weed, Damasonium minus. Results from the laboratory bioassay showed that there were significant differences among cultivars in their ability to inhibit D. minus root growth. D. minus root lengths ranged from 2.0% (cv. Hungarian #1) to 32.6% (cv. Rexmont) that of the control. In the field study, significant differences existed in the D. minus dry matter grown in association with different cultivars, ranging from 4.6% (cv. Tono Brea) to 72.2% (cv. Rexmont) that of the control. Comparison between laboratory and field results indicated a strong relationship between performance in the field and in the laboratory (r2 = 0.713). Those cultivars ranked as allelopathic in the bioassay tended to have associated lower D. minus dry weight in the field. Eight of the top 10 allelopathic cultivars in the bioassay were among the top 10 suppressive cultivars in the field trial. This important finding indicates that at least some of the variation in field performance of cultivars may be predicted by their performance in bioassays.

The economic value of haying and green manuring in the integrated management of annual ryegrass and wild radish in a Western Australian farming system

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 1195 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Monjardino ◽  
D. J. Pannell ◽  
S. B. Powles
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Wild Radish ◽  
Raphanus Raphanistrum ◽  
Green Manuring

Most cropping farms in Western Australia must deal with the management of herbicide-resistant populations of weeds such as annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum). Farmers are approaching the problem of herbicide resistance by adopting integrated weed management systems, which allow weed control with a range of different techniques. These systems include non-herbicide methods ranging from delayed seeding and high crop seeding rates to the use of non-cropping phases in the rotation. In this paper, the Multi-species RIM (resistance and integrated management) model was used to investigate the value of including non-cropping phases in the crop rotation. Non-crop options investigated here were haying and green manuring. Despite them providing excellent weed control, it was found that inclusion of these non-cropping phases did not increase returns, except in cases of extreme weed numbers and high levels of herbicide resistance.

scholarly journals Crop Allelopathy for Sustainable Weed Management in Agroecosystems: Knowing the Present with a View to the Future

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2104
Author(s):  
Aurelio Scavo ◽  
Giovanni Mauromicale
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Allelopathic Potential ◽  
Cover Cropping ◽  
The Face ◽  
As Stress

In the face of yield losses caused by weeds, especially in low-input agricultural systems, and environmental pollution due to the excessive use of synthetic herbicides, sustainable weed management has become mandatory. To address these issues, allelopathy, i.e., the biochemical phenomenon of chemical interactions between plants through the release of secondary metabolites into the environment, is gaining popularity. Although many important crops are known for their allelopathic potential, farmers are still reluctant to use such knowledge practically. It is therefore important to assist advisors and farmers in assessing whether allelopathy can be effectively implemented into an eco-friendly weed management strategy. Here, we aim to give a comprehensive and updated review on the herbicidal potential of allelopathy. The major findings are the following: (1) Crops from different botanical families show allelopathic properties and can be cultivated alone or in combination with other non-allelopathic crops. (2) Many allelopathic tools can be adopted (crop rotation, intercropping, cover cropping as living or dead mulches, green manuring, use of allelochemical-based bioherbicides). (3) These methods are highly flexible and feature increased efficiency when combined into an integrated weed management strategy. (4) Recent advances in the chemistry of allelopathy are facilitating the use of allelochemicals for bioherbicide production. (5) Several biotechnologies, such as stress induction and genetic engineering techniques, can enhance the allelopathic potential of crops or introduce allelopathic traits de novo. This review shows how important the role of allelopathy for sustainable weed management is and, at the same time, indicates the need for field experiments, mainly under an integrated approach. Finally, we recommend the combination of transgenic allelopathy with the aforementioned allelopathic tools to increase the weed-suppressive efficacy of allelopathy.

Seasonal development of roots under perennial and annual grass pastures

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 1077 ◽  
Author(s):  
AM Ridley ◽  
RJ Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Seasonal Development ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Extensive Surface ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata L

Studies in the field and in a rhizotron were conducted to examine the root growth of Phalaris aquatica L. (phalaris), Dactylis glomerata L. (cocksfoot) and Lolium rigidum Gaudin (annual ryegrass). Root and tiller development of the perennial grasses in autumn was also studied. In the field, annual ryegrass developed a more extensive surface rooting system than phalaris and cocksfoot by spring in a favourable season. Early root development of annual ryegrass was poor where the first rains of the season did not occur until winter. Growth rates of annual ryegrass roots at depth were similar to phalaris in mid spring in the rhizotron. Phalaris had a higher proportion of live roots than cocksfoot prior to the first autumn rain. Cocksfoot did not regenerate a substantial new root system until it developed secondary tillers, about a month after initial rains. Collectively, these studies indicated that the seasonal development and extent of the root systems of cocksfoot and phalaris were different.

Influence of integrated weed management on weed dynamics and productivity of chili

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
RP JAISWAL ◽  
DHANANJAI SINGH ◽  
AK NAIDU
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Yield Enhancement ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Ripe Fruit ◽  
Paddy Straw ◽  
Weed Dynamics ◽  
Dry Fruit

A field experiment was carried out at Vegetable Research Farm, Mahrajpur, Department of Horticulture, JNKVV, Jabalpur (M.P.) to study the efficacy of different herbicides and mulches against weeds in chili, It was recorded that dominant weed flora in the experiment was Eragrostis cillansis and Cyperus rotindus among monocot weeds, Chenopodium album, Melilotus alba, Anagallis aruensis and Parthenium hysterophorus among dicot weeds. Highest weed density of all the weed species, dry weed biomass were recorded in weedy check plots. Pendimethalin @ 1.5 l/ha + black polythene mulch resulted in the highest plant height (75.3 cm), number of primary branches per plant (15.66), number of fruits per plant (73.33), yield of red ripe fruit (134.7q/ha-1) and yield of dry fruit (22qha-1) followed by Pendimethalin @ 1.5 l/ha + paddy straw mulch. Therefore, pendimethalin @ 1.5 l/ha + black polythene mulch resulted in the most effective treatment in terms of weed suppression and yield enhancement of chili crop.

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