Role of Soil Microbiome and Enzyme Activities in Plant Growth Nutrition and Ecological Restoration of Soil Health

2019 ◽  
pp. 99-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Jamir ◽  
Rajiv Das Kangabam ◽  
Kasmika Borah ◽  
Abhijit Tamuly ◽  
H. P. Deka Boruah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Ecological Restoration ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Soil Microbiome

scholarly journals The role of soils in provision of genetic, medicinal and biochemical resources

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1834) ◽  
pp. 20200183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sören Thiele-Bruhn
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Soil Bioremediation ◽  
Dust Inhalation ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting

Intact, ‘healthy’ soils provide indispensable ecosystem services that largely depend on the biotic activity. Soil health is connected with human health, yet, knowledge of the underlying soil functioning remains incomplete. This review highlights selected services, i.e. (i) soil as a genetic resource and hotspot of biodiversity, forming the basis for providing (ii) biochemical resources and (iii) medicinal services and goods. Soils harbour an unrivalled biodiversity of organisms, especially microorganisms. Some of the abilities of autochthonous microorganisms and their relevant enzymes serve (i) to improve natural soil functions and in particular plant growth, e.g. through beneficial plant growth-promoting, symbiotic and mycorrhizal microorganisms, (ii) to act as biopesticides, (iii) to facilitate biodegradation of pollutants for soil bioremediation and (iv) to yield enzymes or chemicals for industrial use. Soils also exert direct effects on human health. Contact with soil enriches the human microbiome, affords protection against allergies and promotes emotional well-being. Medicinally relevant are soil substrates such as loams, clays and various minerals with curative effects as well as pharmaceutically active organic chemicals like antibiotics that are formed by soil microorganisms. By contrast, irritating minerals, soil dust inhalation and misguided soil ingestion may adversely affect humans. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The role of soils in delivering Nature’s Contributions to People.

scholarly journals Role of Biofertilizers in Plant Growth and Soil Health

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murugaragavan Ramasamy ◽  
T. Geetha ◽  
M. Yuvaraj
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Health

More Than the Sum of Its Parts: Microbiome Biodiversity as a Driver of Plant Growth and Soil Health

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Saleem ◽  
Jie Hu ◽  
Alexandre Jousset
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Community Ecology ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Soil Microbiome ◽  
Sustainable Food ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Change Context ◽  
Beneficial Traits ◽  
Or Gene ◽  
And Function

Microorganisms drive several processes needed for robust plant growth and health. Harnessing microbial functions is thus key to productive and sustainable food production. Molecular methods have led to a greater understanding of the soil microbiome composition. However, translating species or gene composition into microbiome functionality remains a challenge. Community ecology concepts such as the biodiversity–ecosystem functioning framework may help predict the assembly and function of plant-associated soil microbiomes. Higher diversity can increase the number and resilience of plant-beneficial functions that can be coexpressed and unlock the expression of plant-beneficial traits that are hard to obtain from any species in isolation. We combine well-established community ecology concepts with molecular microbiology into a workable framework that may enable us to predict and enhance soil microbiome functionality to promote robust plant growth in a global change context.

Rice rhizodeposits affect organic matter priming in paddy soil: The role of N fertilization and plant growth for enzyme activities, CO 2 and CH 4 emissions

2018 ◽  
Vol 116 ◽  
pp. 369-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenke Zhu ◽  
Tida Ge ◽  
Shoulong Liu ◽  
Yajun Hu ◽  
Rongzhong Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Paddy Soil ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
N Fertilization

scholarly journals Role of soil microbes in sustainable crop production and soil health: A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (Volume 13, Issue 2) ◽  
pp. 109-118
Author(s):  
K.K. Shah ◽  
S. Tripathi ◽  
I. Tiwari ◽  
J. Shrestha ◽  
B. Modi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Soil Microbes ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Soil System ◽  
Agricultural Growth ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Biological Nitrogen

Abstract. Global food production needs to be increased in order to feed the world’s growing population and at the same time, the reliance on inorganic fertilizers and pesticides should be minimized. To accomplish this goal, the various beneficial associations between plants and soil microorganisms should be explored. The soil microbes are bacteria, actinomycetes, viruses, fungi, nematode, and protozoa. They have an important soil function that has fulfilled several useful tasks in the soil system. Microbes support biological nitrogen fixation of different biological transformations that support the accumulation and utilization of key nutrients, support root and shoot growth processes, disease control, and improve soil quality in crop cultivation. Soil microbes offer nutrient-dense nourishment improved crop production and recycle soil solutions. They play an essential role in decomposing organic matter, cycling nutrients, and fertilizing the soil. Besides, they improve plant growth on various physiological parameters of plants by a number of mechanisms. The mechanism involved in growth promotion includes plant growth regulators, production of different metabolites, and conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia in direct and indirect ways. In addition, soil microbes offer resistance against diseases. This review outlines the significant impact of soil microbes on sustainable agricultural growth, the benefits of microbes in maintaining soil health, and their interactions.

Soil Microbiome for Plant Growth and Bioremediation

2021 ◽  
pp. 158-180
Author(s):  
Monika Yadav ◽  
Sonu Kumari ◽  
Junaid Ahmad Malik ◽  
Suphiya Khan
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Soil Microbiome ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Nutrient Mineralization ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Rate Limiting

Terrestrial soil is a complex part of the ecosystem hosting bacteria, fungi, protists, animals, and huge source of nutrients to plants. These soil-dwelling organisms exhibit an array of interactions with plants to span the full range of ecological possibilities. In the 19th century, many different bacterial strains were described as having plant growth favouring potential like Pseudomonas, Azospirillum, and even crop seeds were coated with bacterial cultures to improve growth and yield. The soil microbial community also recognized their considerable role to improve the soil health via energy transfer, catalyzing reactions, and nutrient mineralization. Thus, soil microorganisms and enzymatic process are generally regarded as rate-limiting steps in decomposition and nutrient cycling.

scholarly journals Identification of new microbial functional standards for soil quality assessment

SOIL ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sören Thiele-Bruhn ◽  
Michael Schloter ◽  
Berndt-Michael Wilke ◽  
Lee A. Beaudette ◽  
Fabrice Martin-Laurent ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Plant Growth Promotion ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Marker Gene ◽  
Soil Microbiome ◽  
Microbiological Methods

Abstract. The activity of microorganisms in soil is important for a robust functioning of soil and related ecosystem services. Hence, there is a necessity to identify the composition, diversity, and function of the soil microbiome in order to determine its natural properties, functioning, and operating range as well as to assess ecotoxicological effects due to anthropogenic activities. Numerous microbiological methods currently exist in the literature and new, more advanced methods continue to be developed; however, only a limited number of these methods are standardised. Consequently, there is a need to identify the most promising non-standardised methods for assessing soil quality and to transform them into standards. In agreement with the “Ecosystem Service Approach”, new methods should focus more on soil microbial functions, including nutrient cycling and greenhouse gas emission, pest control and plant growth promotion, carbon cycling and sequestration, as well as soil structure development and filter function. The few existing standardised methods available that focus on the function of the soil microbiome mostly include measurements, like basal respiration, enzyme activities, and biodegradation of organic matter, under well-defined conditions in the lab. This paper sets out to summarise and expand on recent discussions within the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Soil Quality – Biological Characterization sub-committee (ISO TC 190/SC 4), where a need was identified to develop scientifically sound methods which would best fulfil the practical needs of future users for assessing soil quality, going beyond the existing test systems. Of particular note is the current evolution of molecular methods in microbial ecology that use quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) to produce a large number of new functional endpoints which are more sensitive as compared to “classical” methods. Quantitative PCR assesses the abundance of microbes that catalyse major transformation steps in nitrogen and phosphorus cycling, greenhouse gas emissions, chemical transformations including pesticide degradation, and plant growth promotion pathways based on the assessment of marker gene sequences that drive the related processes. In the assessment of soil quality methods, it was found that most methods focus on bacteria and related endpoints. Techniques to describe fungal communities as well as their functional traits are far less represented. As such, techniques to analyse fungal enzyme activities are proposed. Additionally, methods for the determination of microbial growth rates and efficiencies, including the use of glomalin as a biochemical marker for soil aggregation, are discussed. Furthermore, field methods indicative of carbon turnover, including the litter bag test and a modification to the tea bag test, are presented. However, it is obvious that with increasing developments in high throughput sequencing technologies and big data analyses, including metagenomics analysis, it will be possible to implement these technologies into the standardisation process for assessing the functions of the soil microbiome. Overall, it is suggested that endpoints should represent a potential function of soil microorganisms rather than actual activity levels, as the latter can largely be dependent on short-term variable soil properties such as pedoclimatic conditions, nutrient availability, and anthropogenic soil cultivation activities.

Tryptophan-Niacin Metabolism in Rat with Puromycin Aminonucleoside-Induced Nephrosis

2006 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukari Egashira ◽  
Shin Nagaki ◽  
Hiroo Sanada
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Puromycin Aminonucleoside ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Key Enzyme

We investigated the change of tryptophan-niacin metabolism in rats with puromycin aminonucleoside PAN-induced nephrosis, the mechanisms responsible for their change of urinary excretion of nicotinamide and its metabolites, and the role of the kidney in tryptophan-niacin conversion. PAN-treated rats were intraperitoneally injected once with a 1.0% (w/v) solution of PAN at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight. The collection of 24-hour urine was conducted 8 days after PAN injection. Daily urinary excretion of nicotinamide and its metabolites, liver and blood NAD, and key enzyme activities of tryptophan-niacin metabolism were determined. In PAN-treated rats, the sum of urinary excretion of nicotinamide and its metabolites was significantly lower compared with controls. The kidneyα-amino-β-carboxymuconate-ε-semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) activity in the PAN-treated group was significantly decreased by 50%, compared with the control group. Although kidney ACMSD activity was reduced, the conversion of tryptophan to niacin tended to be lower in the PAN-treated rats. A decrease in urinary excretion of niacin and the conversion of tryptophan to niacin in nephrotic rats may contribute to a low level of blood tryptophan. The role of kidney ACMSD activity may be minimal concerning tryptophan-niacin conversion under this experimental condition.

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