Can skin temperature manipulation, with minimal core temperature change, influence plasma volume in resting humans?

Background Skin temperature is best kept constant when determining response thresholds because both skin and core temperatures contribute to thermoregulatory control. In practice, however, it is difficult to evaluate both warm and cold thresholds while maintaining constant cutaneous temperature. A recent study shows that vasoconstriction and shivering thresholds are a linear function of skin and core temperatures, with skin contributing 20 +/- 6% and 19 +/- 8%, respectively. (Skin temperature has long been known to contribute approximately 10% to the control of sweating). Using these relations, we were able to experimentally manipulate both skin and core temperatures, subsequently compensate for the changes in skin temperature, and finally report the results in terms of calculated core-temperature thresholds at a single-designated skin temperature. Methods Five volunteers were each studied on 4 days: (1) control; (2) a target blood propofol concentration of 2 micrograms/ml; (3) a target concentration of 4 micrograms/ml; and (4) a target concentration of 8 micrograms/ml. On each day, we increased skin and core temperatures sufficiently to provoke sweating. Skin and core temperatures were subsequently reduced to elicit peripheral vasoconstriction and shivering. We mathematically compensated for changes in skin temperature by using the established linear cutaneous contributions to the control of sweating (10%) and to vasoconstriction and shivering (20%). From these calculated core-temperature thresholds (at a designated skin temperature of 35.7 degrees C), the propofol concentration-response curves for the sweating, vasoconstriction, and shivering thresholds were analyzed using linear regression. We validated this new method by comparing the concentration-dependent effects of propofol with those obtained previously with an established model. Results The concentration-response slopes for sweating and vasoconstriction were virtually identical to those reported previously. Propofol significantly decreased the core temperature triggering vasoconstriction (slope = -0.6 +/- 0.1 degrees C.micrograms-1.ml-1; r2 = 0.98 +/- 0.02) and shivering (slope = -0.7 +/- 0.1 degrees C.micrograms -1.ml-1; r2 = 0.95 +/- 0.05). In contrast, increasing the blood propofol concentration increased the sweating threshold only slightly (slope = 0.1 +/- 0.1 degrees C.micrograms -1.ml-1; r2 = 0.46 +/- 0.39). Conclusions Advantages of this new model include its being nearly noninvasive and requiring relatively little core-temperature manipulation. Propofol only slightly alters the sweating threshold, but markedly reduces the vasoconstriction and shivering thresholds. Reductions in the shivering and vasoconstriction thresholds are similar; that is, the vasoconstriction-to-shivering range increases only slightly during anesthesia.

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Associated change in plantar temperature and sweating after transthoracic endoscopic T2–3 sympathectomy for palmar hyperhidrosis

Journal of Neurosurgery Spine ◽

10.3171/spi.2001.95.1.0058 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 95 (1) ◽

pp. 58-63 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Han-Jung Chen ◽

Cheng-Loong Liang ◽

Kang Lu

Keyword(s):

Skin Temperature ◽

Temperature Change ◽

The Body ◽

Palmar Hyperhidrosis ◽

Compensatory Sweating ◽

Content Type ◽

Postoperative Changes ◽

The Face ◽

The Difference ◽

Fine Print

Object. Transthoracic endoscopic T2–3 sympathectomy is currently the treatment of choice for palmar hyperhidrosis. Compensatory sweating of the face, trunk, thigh, and sole of the foot was found in more than 50% of patients who underwent this procedure. The authors conducted this study to investigate the associated intraoperative changes in plantar skin temperature and postoperative plantar sweating. Methods. One hundred patients with palmar hyperhidrosis underwent bilateral transthoracic endoscopic T2–3 sympathectomy. There were 60 female and 40 male patients who ranged in age from 13 to 40 years (mean age 21.6 years). Characteristics studied included changes in palmar and plantar skin temperature measured intraoperatively, as well as pre- and postoperative changes in plantar sweating and sympathetic skin responses (SSRs). In 59 patients (59%) elevation of plantar temperature was demonstrated at the end of the surgical procedure. In this group, plantar sweating was found to be exacerbated in three patients (5%); plantar sweating was improved in 52 patients (88.1%); and no change was demonstrated in four patients (6.8%). In the other group of patients in whom no temperature change occurred, increased plantar sweating was demonstrated in three patients (7.3%); plantar sweating was improved in 20 patients (48.8%); and no change was shown in 18 patients (43.9%). The difference between temperature and sweating change was significant (p = 0.001). Compared with the presympathectomy rate, the rate of absent SSR also significantly increased after sympathectomy: from 20 to 76% after electrical stimulation and 36 to 64% after deep inspiration stimulation, respectively (p < 0.05). Conclusions. In contrast to compensatory sweating in other parts of the body after T2–3 sympathetomy, improvement in plantar sweating was shown in 72% and worsened symptoms in 6% of patients. The intraoperative plantar skin temperature change and perioperative SSR demonstrated a correlation between these changes.

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Effect of food intake on the ventilatory response to increasing core temperature during exercise

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2018-0069 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

pp. 22-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Keiji Hayashi ◽

Nozomi Ito ◽

Yoko Ichikawa ◽

Yuichi Suzuki

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Body Temperature ◽

Skin Temperature ◽

Core Temperature ◽

Mean Skin Temperature ◽

Carbon Dioxide Elimination ◽

Transient Effect ◽

Mean Body Temperature ◽

Ventilatory Parameters ◽

Effect Of Food

Food intake increases metabolism and body temperature, which may in turn influence ventilatory responses. Our aim was to assess the effect of food intake on ventilatory sensitivity to rising core temperature during exercise. Nine healthy male subjects exercised on a cycle ergometer at 50% of peak oxygen uptake in sessions with and without prior food intake. Ventilatory sensitivity to rising core temperature was defined by the slopes of regression lines relating ventilatory parameters to core temperature. Mean skin temperature, mean body temperature (calculated from esophageal temperature and mean skin temperature), oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide elimination, minute ventilation, alveolar ventilation, and tidal volume (VT) were all significantly higher at baseline in sessions with food intake than without food intake. During exercise, esophageal temperature, mean skin temperature, mean body temperature, carbon dioxide elimination, and end-tidal CO2 pressure were all significantly higher in sessions with food intake than without it. By contrast, ventilatory parameters did not differ between sessions with and without food intake, with the exception of VT during the first 5 min of exercise. The ventilatory sensitivities to rising core temperature also did not differ, with the exception of an early transient effect on VT. Food intake increases body temperature before and during exercise. Other than during the first 5 min of exercise, food intake does not affect ventilatory parameters during exercise, despite elevation of both body temperature and metabolism. Thus, with the exception of an early transient effect on VT, ventilatory sensitivity to rising core temperature is not affected by food intake.

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Abstract 104: Metabolic Effect of Temperature Manipulation in Healthy Individuals

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.140.suppl_2.104 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 140 (Suppl_2) ◽

Author(s):

Jon C Rittenberger ◽

Katharyn Flickinger ◽

David Hopkins ◽

Jonathan Elmer ◽

Frank Guyette ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Expenditure ◽

Core Temperature ◽

Vital Signs ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale ◽

Resting Metabolism ◽

Temperature Manipulation ◽

Dexmedetomidine Infusion ◽

Median Height

Introduction: Temperature manipulation to decrease metabolism is commonly after acute brain injury. Preclinical data suggest metabolism decreases 7-8% for each degree C drop in core temperature. We hypothesized similar results would be found in healthy individuals. Methods: Following informed consent and physical screening, we administered a 1mcg/kg bolus of dexmedetomidine followed by 20cc/kg of cold (4C) saline bolus. We cooled subjects using surface pads (emcools (Austria)). Dexmedetomidine infusion was titrated to effect (max dose <1.5mcg/kg/hr). We recorded vital signs, Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale, Bedside Shivering Assessment Scale and sensation of cold every 15 minutes. We measured resting metabolism at baseline and after each 1 C decrease in temperature thereafter using indirect calorimetry and a ventilated canopy system. We analyzed data using analysis of variance. Results: Median age in the 9 enrolled subjects was 30 (SD 10) years and most (78%) were male. Median height was 173 (IQR 168, 180) cm and median weight was 77 (IQR 72, 83) kg. Baseline VO2 was 3.4 (IQR 3.0, 3.8) ml/kg/min and baseline energy expenditure was 1692 (IQR 1579, 1845) kcal/day. Both VO2 and energy expenditure decreased with core temperature (p=0.017 and p=0.027) (Table). Conclusion: Metabolic rate decreases with core temperature manipulation. The largest change occurs between 37C and 36C with smaller changes thereafter.

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Core Temperature in Triathletes during Swimming with Wetsuit in 10 °C Cold Water

Sports ◽

10.3390/sports7060130 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (6) ◽

pp. 130 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jørgen Melau ◽

Maria Mathiassen ◽

Trine Stensrud ◽

Mike Tipton ◽

Jonny Hisdal

Keyword(s):

Water Temperature ◽

Skin Temperature ◽

Core Temperature ◽

Rectal Temperature ◽

Physiological Response ◽

Cold Water ◽

Temperature Response ◽

Open Water ◽

Open Water Swimming ◽

Ironman Distance

Low water temperature (<15 °C) has been faced by many organizers of triathlons and swim-runs in the northern part of Europe during recent years. More knowledge about how cold water affects athletes swimming in wetsuits in cold water is warranted. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate the physiological response when swimming a full Ironman distance (3800 m) in a wetsuit in 10 °C water. Twenty triathletes, 37.6 ± 9 years (12 males and 8 females) were recruited to perform open water swimming in 10 °C seawater; while rectal temperature (Tre) and skin temperature (Tskin) were recorded. The results showed that for all participants, Tre was maintained for the first 10–15 min of the swim; and no participants dropped more than 2 °C in Tre during the first 30 min of swimming in 10 °C water. However; according to extrapolations of the results, during a swim time above 135 min; 47% (8/17) of the participants in the present study would fall more than 2 °C in Tre during the swim. The results show that the temperature response to swimming in a wetsuit in 10 °C water is highly individual. However, no participant in the present study dropped more than 2 °C in Tre during the first 30 min of the swim in 10 °C water.

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Impact of skin temperature and hydration on plasma volume responses during exercise

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00415.2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 117 (4) ◽

pp. 413-420 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Robert W. Kenefick ◽

Kurt J. Sollanek ◽

Nisha Charkoudian ◽

Michael N. Sawka

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Heat Stress ◽

Steady State ◽

Skin Temperature ◽

Plasma Volume ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Cycle Ergometry ◽

Fluid Loss ◽

Plasma Loss ◽

Potential Interactions

Heat stress and hydration may both alter plasma volume (PV) responses during acute exercise; potential interactions have not been fully studied. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of graded elevations in skin temperature (Tsk) on PV changes during steady-state exercise under conditions of euhydration (EU) and hypohydration (HYPO, −4% of body mass). Thirty-two men (22 ± 4 yr) were divided into four cohorts ( n = 8 each) and completed EU and HYPO trials in one environment [ambient temperature (Ta) 10, 20, 30, and 40°C]. Thirty minutes of cycle ergometry (50% V̇o2peak) was performed. Core (Tre) and mean skin (Tsk) temperatures were measured; changes in PV, total circulating protein (TCP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were calculated; and skin blood flow (SkBF) was estimated. Hypohydration decreased ( P < 0.05) PV by 200 ml (−5.7%) but did not alter TCP. Plasma loss was not different between EU and HYPO during exercise at any Ta. Plasma losses were greater ( P < 0.05) with elevated Ta with an average −130, −174, −294, and −445 ml losses during the 10, 20, 30, and 40°C trials, respectively. Significant ( P < 0.05) correlations ( r = 0.50 to 0.84) were found between ΔTCP and ΔPV during exercise when Tsk was cool/warm (<33°C; Ta 10, 20, and 30°C), but not at 40°C (high Tsk). We conclude that 1) graded skin warming proportionally accentuated plasma loss; 2) plasma loss was associated with plasma protein efflux at lower Tsk and SkBF; 3) at high Tsk, additional plasma loss likely results from increased net filtration at the capillaries; and 4) HYPO did not alter vascular fluid loss during exercise in any environment.

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Dosing Heat: Expected Core Temperature Change with Warmed or Cooled Intravenous Fluids

Therapeutic Hypothermia and Temperature Management ◽

10.1089/ther.2020.0036 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Adam Blumenberg

Keyword(s):

Temperature Change ◽

Core Temperature ◽

Intravenous Fluids

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Role of the adrenal gland in the thermal response to morphine withdrawal in rats

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1139/y92-151 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 70 (8) ◽

pp. 1090-1095 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Michael J. Katovich ◽

David Pitman ◽

Orit Schechtman

Keyword(s):

Adrenal Gland ◽

Skin Temperature ◽

Core Temperature ◽

Temperature Response ◽

Thermal Response ◽

Morphine Withdrawal ◽

Ovariectomized Rats ◽

Moderate Increase ◽

Adrenalectomized Rats

Administration of naloxone to morphine-dependent rats results in an elevation of tail skin temperature and a fall in core temperature. Previous studies have demonstrated a role of the adrenal gland in the thermal responses that accompany morphine withdrawal in the rat. In the present study, experiments were designed to determine if the duration of adrenalectomy significantly influenced the thermal response observed in morphine withdrawal. In addition we evaluated the influence of the adrenal medulla and glucocorticoid replacement in adrenalectomized rats in mediating the thermal responses of the morphine-dependent rat. Ovariectomized rats were addicted to morphine and subsequently withdrawn by administration of naloxone. This treatment results in a significant rise in tail skin temperature and subsequent fall in colonic temperature. These thermal responses were not observed in morphine-naive rats. Adrenalectomy resulted in a significant attenuation of the rise in tail skin temperature associated with withdrawal. This reduced tail skin temperature response was not different among animals adrenalectomized for 1, 7, 14, 21, or 28 days. Likewise, the moderate increase in core temperature associated with morphine treatment was not observed in the adrenalectomized rats. Serum corticosteroid determinations confirmed the loss of the adrenal steroids in the adrenalectomized rats. In a subsequent experiment it was determined that adrenal demedullation did not reduce the tail skin temperature response during morphine withdrawal, and corticosteroids restored the naloxone-induced surge in tail skin temperature in morphine-dependent, adrenalectomized rats. Collectively, these data suggest a role for the adrenal gland, especially the cortical region, in allowing for full expression of the skin temperature changes associated with withdrawal in morphine-dependent animals.Key words: corticosterone, tail skin temperature, morphine withdrawal, adrenal gland, thermal response, naloxone.

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A191 EFFECT OF CORE TEMPERATURE MANIPULATION DURING CONTROLLED HEMORRHAGE IN RATS

Anesthesiology ◽

10.1097/00000542-199709001-00191 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 87 (Supplement) ◽

pp. 191A

Author(s):

K Nagao ◽

V Komanduri ◽

M Kumar ◽

JC Liao ◽

KG Belani

Keyword(s):

Core Temperature ◽

Temperature Manipulation

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No dynamic effector responses to fast changes of core temperature at constant skin temperature

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1139/y87-212 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 65 (6) ◽

pp. 1339-1346 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Ulrike Roos ◽

Claus Jessen

Keyword(s):

Skin Temperature ◽

Heat Loss ◽

Core Temperature ◽

Heat Production ◽

Control Level ◽

Time Derivative ◽

Rate Of Change ◽

Dynamic Responses ◽

Evaporative Heat Loss ◽

Blood Temperature

Experiments in conscious goats were done to see whether heat production and respiratory evaporative heat loss show dynamic responses to changing core temperature at constant skin temperature. Core temperature was altered by external heat exchangers acting on blood temperature, while skin temperature was maintained constant by immersing the animals up to the neck in a rapidly circulating water bath. Core temperature was altered at various rates up to 0.9 °C/min. Step deviations of core temperature from control values were always followed by a positive time derivative of effector response, but never by a negative time derivative during sustained displacement of core temperature. Ramp experiments showed that the slopes at which heat production or heat loss rose with core temperature deviating from its control level grew smaller at higher rates of change of core temperature. It is concluded that neither heat production nor respiratory evaporative heat loss respond to the rate of change of core temperature. At constant skin temperature, thermoregulatory effector responses appear to be proportional to the degree to which core temperature deviates from its set level.

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