scholarly journals Innate immune genes of the chicken MHC and related regions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Scavenger Receptor ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Class I ◽  
Immune Gene ◽  
Immune Genes ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Classical Class ◽  
Innate Immune Genes ◽  
Chicken Mhc

AbstractCompared to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of typical mammals, the chicken BF/BL region is small and simple, with most of the genes playing central roles in the adaptive immune response. However, some genes of the chicken MHC are almost certainly involved in innate immunity, such as the complement component C4 and the lectin-like receptor/ligand gene pair BNK and Blec. The poorly expressed classical class I molecule BF1 is known to be recognised by natural killer (NK) cells and, analogous to mammalian immune responses, the classical class I molecules BF1 and BF2, the CD1 homologs and the butyrophilin homologs called BG may be recognised by adaptive immune lymphocytes with semi-invariant receptors in a so-called adaptate manner. Moreover, the TRIM and BG regions next to the chicken MHC, along with the genetically unlinked Y and olfactory/scavenger receptor regions on the same chromosome, have multigene families almost certainly involved in innate and adaptate responses. On this chicken microchromosome, the simplicity of the adaptive immune gene systems contrasts with the complexity of the gene systems potentially involved in innate immunity.

scholarly journals Thymic transcriptome analysis after Newcastle disease virus inoculation in chickens and the influence of host small RNAs on NDV replication

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liangxing Guo ◽  
Zhaokun Mu ◽  
Furong Nie ◽  
Xuanniu Chang ◽  
Haitao Duan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Immune Genes ◽  
Comprehensive Information ◽  
Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus ◽  
Chicken Thymus ◽  
Innate Immune Genes

AbstractNewcastle disease (ND), caused by virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is a contagious viral disease affecting various birds and poultry worldwide. In this project, differentially expressed (DE) circRNAs, miRNAs and mRNAs were identified by high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) in chicken thymus at 24, 48, 72 or 96 h post LaSota NDV vaccine injection versus pre-inoculation group. The vital terms or pathways enriched by vaccine-influenced genes were tested through KEGG and GO analysis. DE genes implicated in innate immunity were preliminarily screened out through GO, InnateDB and Reactome Pathway databases. The interaction networks of DE innate immune genes were established by STRING website. Considering the high expression of gga-miR-6631-5p across all the four time points, DE circRNAs or mRNAs with the possibility to bind to gga-miR-6631-5p were screened out. Among DE genes that had the probability to interact with gga-miR-6631-5p, 7 genes were found to be related to innate immunity. Furthermore, gga-miR-6631-5p promoted LaSota NDV replication by targeting insulin induced gene 1 (INSIG1) in DF-1 chicken fibroblast cells. Taken together, our data provided the comprehensive information about molecular responses to NDV LaSota vaccine in Chinese Partridge Shank Chickens and elucidated the vital roles of gga-miR-6631-5p/INSIG1 axis in LaSota NDV replication.

scholarly journals Development and optimization of a hybridization technique to type the classical class I and class II B genes of the chicken MHC

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 647-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola D. Potts ◽  
Coraline Bichet ◽  
Laurence Merat ◽  
Edouard Guitton ◽  
Andrew P. Krupa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Hybridization Technique ◽  
Classical Class ◽  
Chicken Mhc

scholarly journals The neuropeptide receptor NMUR-1 regulates the specificity of C. elegans innate immunity against pathogen infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip Wibisono ◽  
Shawndra Wibisono ◽  
Jan Watteyne ◽  
Chia-Hui Chen ◽  
Durai Sellegounder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Genes ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Functional Assays

A key question in current immunology is how the innate immune system generates high levels of specificity. Like most invertebrates, Caenorhabditis elegans does not have an adaptive immune system and relies solely on innate immunity to defend itself against pathogen attacks, yet it can still differentiate different pathogens and launch distinct innate immune responses. Here, we have found that functional loss of NMUR-1, a neuronal GPCR homologous to mammalian receptors for the neuropeptide neuromedin U, has diverse effects on C. elegans survival against various bacterial pathogens. Transcriptomic analyses and functional assays revealed that NMUR-1 modulates C. elegans transcription activity by regulating the expression of transcription factors, which, in turn, controls the expression of distinct immune genes in response to different pathogens. Our study has uncovered a molecular basis for the specificity of C. elegans innate immunity that could provide mechanistic insights into understanding the specificity of vertebrate innate immunity.

scholarly journals Regulation of Immune Responses by Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul V. Licciardi ◽  
Tom C. Karagiannis
Keyword(s):  
Histone Deacetylase ◽  
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors ◽  
Hdac Inhibitors ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Immune Gene ◽  
Epigenetic Factors ◽  
New Class ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Immune Gene Expression

Both genetic and epigenetic factors are important regulators of the immune system. There is an increasing body of evidence attesting to epigenetic modifications that influence the development of distinct innate and adaptive immune response cells. Chromatin remodelling via acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of histone proteins as well as DNA, methylation is epigenetic mechanisms by which immune gene expression can be controlled. In this paper, we will discuss the role of epigenetics in the regulation of host immunity, with particular emphasis on histone deacetylase inhibitors. In particular, the role of HDAC inhibitors as a new class of immunomodulatory therapeutics will also be reviewed.

scholarly journals Koalas vaccinated against Koala retrovirus respond by producing increased levels of interferon-gamma

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olusola Olagoke ◽  
Bonnie L. Quigley ◽  
Peter Timms
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Mrna Expression Level ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Immune Genes ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Koala Retrovirus ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Abstract Koala retrovirus (KoRV) is believed to be in an active state of endogenization into the koala genome. KoRV is present as both an endogenous and exogenous infection in all koalas in northern Australia. KoRV has been linked to koala pathologies including neoplasia and increased susceptibility to Chlamydia. A KoRV vaccine recently trialled in 10 northern koalas improved antibody response and reduced viral load. This communication reports the expression of key immune genes underlining the innate and adaptive immune response to vaccination in these northern koalas. The results showed that prior to vaccination, IL-8 was expressed at the highest levels, with at least 200-fold greater expression compared to other cytokines, while CD8 mRNA expression was significantly higher than CD4 mRNA expression level. Interferon-γ was up-regulated at both 4- and 8-weeks post-vaccination while IL-8 was down-regulated at 8-weeks post-vaccination.

Introduction: The role of innate immunity in the adaptive immune response

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 349-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles A. Janeway Jr. ◽  
Ruslan Medzhitov
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune

scholarly journals Heme concentration-dependently modulates the production of specific antibodies in murine

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guofu Li ◽  
Haiyan Xue ◽  
Zeng Fan ◽  
Yun Bai
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Heme Oxygenase 1 ◽  
Danger Signal ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Promotive Effect ◽  
Free Heme

Free heme is an endogenous danger signal to provoke innate immunity. Active innate immunity is a precondition of an effective adaptive immune response. However, heme catabolites, CO, biliverdin and bilirubin trigger immunosuppression. Furthermore, free heme induces the expression of heme oxygenase-1 to reinforce the production of CO, biliverdin and bilirubin. As such, free heme can drive two antagonistic mechanisms to affect adaptive immunity. What is the outcome of animal immune response to an antigen in the presence of free heme? The question remains to be explored. Here we report the immunization results by intraperitoneal injection of the formulations containing BSA and heme. When the used heme concentrations were about less than 1μM, the production of anti-BSA IgG and IgM was unaffected; when the used heme concentrations were about more than 1μM but less than 5μM, the production of anti-BSA IgG and IgM was enhanced; when the used heme concentrations were about more than 5μM, the production of anti-BSA IgG and IgM was suppressed. The results demonstrate that heme can modulate adaptive immunity (at least humoral immunity) by the mode of double concentration-thresholds. If heme concentrations are below the first threshold, there is no effect on adaptive immunity; if between the first and second thresholds, there is promotive effect; if over the second threshold, there is inhibitive effect. A hypothesis is also presented here to explain the mode.

Phase I study of CpG ODN(K3), a novel toll-like receptor 9 agonist, for advanced lung cancer: Interim analyses of safety and immunity in subcutaneous injection cohort.

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (8_suppl) ◽  
pp. 126-126
Author(s):  
Tomoyuki Otsuka ◽  
Sumiyuki Nishida ◽  
Masanari Hamaguchi ◽  
Takayuki Shibahara ◽  
Takayuki Shiroyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Phase I Study ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Advanced Lung Cancer ◽  
Cpg Odn ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Adaptive Immune

126 Background: CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN) (K3), a toll-like receptor 9 agonist, is a novel synthetic single-strand DNA immune adjuvant for cancer immunotherapy. CpG ODN(K3) induces the production of type 1 IFNs and pro-inflammatory cytokines in innate immune cells, leading to a potential Th1-type adaptive immune response against cancer cells, leading to an immunogenic tumor microenvironment. To determine the recommended dose (RD) of CpG ODN(K3) via subcutaneous injection (sc) or intravenous administration (iv) and to investigate the immune response induced by CpG ODN(K3) in advanced lung cancer patients, we designed an open-labeled, dose-escalation phase I study. Methods: Pts with advanced lung cancer who had achieved CR, PR or SD after the prior Pt-based chemotherapy were enrolled. The primary endpoint was the proportion of DLTs at each dose level. Secondary endpoints included safety profile, immune response including dynamic changes of immune cell and cytokine production, and PFS. In a 3+3 dose-escalation design, the dosage levels for CpG ODN (K3) were 5 or 10 mg/body sc and 0.2 or 0.6 mg/kg iv on day1, 8, 15 and 29. Pts without PD or unacceptable toxicity were allowed to receive CpG ODN(K3) up to a maximum of 6 months. Results: 6 pts were treated in sc part. 5 had NSCLC (3 had adenocarcinoma, 1 squamous cell carcinoma, and 1 mucoepidermoid carcinoma) and 1 had SCLC. There were no DLTs at any dose levels. Treatment-related toxicities were limited to G1 and G2 including local skin reactions. No pts experienced serious AEs including immune-related AEs. Some pts exhibited the dynamic change of immune-related cells and the immediate production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as IL1-beta, CCL2, and CXCL10, and Th1 cytokines including IFN-gamma, in response to CpG ODN(K3), suggesting that CpG ODN(K3) elicited innate immunity followed by Th1 adaptive immune response. Conclusions: This was the first clinical application of CpG ODN(K3) for cancer pts. CpG ODN(K3) sc was well-tolerated and was expected to activate innate immunity followed by Th1 adaptive immune response. Clinical trial information: UMIN000023276.

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