scholarly journals The history of settlement and agrarian land use in a boreal forest in Värmland, Sweden, new evidence from pollen analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigrún Dögg Eddudóttir ◽  
Eva Svensson ◽  
Stefan Nilsson ◽  
Anneli Ekblom ◽  
Karl-Johan Lindholm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Pollen Analysis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Archaeological Survey ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractShielings are the historically known form of transhumance in Scandinavia, where livestock were moved from the farmstead to sites in the outlands for summer grazing. Pollen analysis has provided a valuable insight into the history of shielings. This paper presents a vegetation reconstruction and archaeological survey from the shieling Kårebolssätern in northern Värmland, western Sweden, a renovated shieling that is still operating today. The first evidence of human activities in the area near Kårebolssätern are Hordeum- and Cannabis-type pollen grains occurring from ca. 100 bc. Further signs of human impact are charcoal and sporadic occurrences of apophyte pollen from ca. ad 250 and pollen indicating opening of the canopy ca. ad 570, probably a result of modification of the forest for grazing. A decrease in land use is seen between ad 1000 and 1250, possibly in response to a shift in emphasis towards large scale commodity production in the outlands. Emphasis on bloomery iron production and pitfall hunting may have caused a shift from agrarian shieling activity. The clearest changes in the pollen assemblage indicating grazing and cultivation occur from the mid-thirteenth century, coinciding with wetter climate at the beginning of the Little Ice Age. The earliest occurrences of anthropochores in the record predate those of other shieling sites in Sweden. The pollen analysis reveals evidence of land use that predates the results of the archaeological survey. The study highlights how pollen analysis can reveal vegetation changes where early archaeological remains are obscure.

Formation and Land-Use History of Celtic Fields in North-West Europe – an Interdisciplinary Case Study at Zeijen, the Netherlands

2003 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theo Spek ◽  
Willy Groenman-van Waateringe ◽  
Maja Kooistra ◽  
Lideweij Bakker
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
North West ◽  
Late Iron Age ◽  
History Of

Celtic field research has so far been strongly focused on prospection and mapping. As a result of this there is a serious lack of knowledge of formation and land-use processes of these fields. This article describes a methodological case study in The Netherlands that may be applied to other European Celtic fields in the future. By interdisciplinary use of pedological, palynological and micromorphological research methods the authors were able to discern five development stages in the history of the field, dating from the late Bronze Age to the early Roman Period. There are strong indications that the earthen ridges, very typical for Celtic fields in the sandy landscapes of north-west Europe, were only formed in the later stages of Celtic field agriculture (late Iron Age and early Roman period). They were the result of a determined raising of the surface by large-scale transportation of soil material from the surroundings of the fields. Mainly the ridges were intensively cultivated and manured in the later stages of Celtic field cultivation. In the late Iron Age a remarkable shift in Celtic field agriculture took place from an extensive system with long fallow periods, a low level of manuring and extensive soil tillage to a more intensive system with shorter fallow periods, a more intensive soil tillage and a higher manuring intensity. There are also strong indications that rye (Secale cereale) was the main crop in the final stage of Celtic field agriculture.

scholarly journals A phased, diploid assembly of the Cascade hop (Humulus lupulus) genome reveals patterns of selection and haplotype variation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lillian K. Padgitt-Cobb ◽  
Sarah B. Kingan ◽  
Jackson Wells ◽  
Justin Elser ◽  
Brent Kronmiller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Humulus Lupulus ◽  
Plant Genome ◽  
Repeat Content ◽  
Haplotype Variation ◽  
Genomic Landscape ◽  
Cannabidiolic Acid ◽  
Long Read ◽  
History Of ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractHop (Humulus lupulus L. var Lupulus) is a diploid, dioecious plant with a history of cultivation spanning more than one thousand years. Hop cones are valued for their use in brewing, and around the world, hop has been used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of ailments. Efforts to determine how biochemical pathways responsible for desirable traits are regulated have been challenged by the large, repetitive, and heterozygous genome of hop. We present the first report of a haplotype-phased assembly of a large plant genome. Our assembly and annotation of the Cascade cultivar genome is the most extensive to date. PacBio long-read sequences from hop were assembled with FALCON and phased with FALCON-Unzip. Using the diploid assembly to assess haplotype variation, we discovered genes under positive selection enriched for stress-response, growth, and flowering functions. Comparative analysis of haplotypes provides insight into large-scale structural variation and the selective pressures that have driven hop evolution. Previous studies estimated repeat content at around 60%. With improved resolution of long terminal retrotransposons (LTRs) due to long-read sequencing, we found that hop is nearly 78% repetitive. Our quantification of repeat content provides context for the size of the hop genome, and supports the hypothesis of whole genome duplication (WGD), rather than expansion due to LTRs. With our more complete assembly, we have identified a homolog of cannabidiolic acid synthase (CBDAS) that is expressed in multiple tissues. The approaches we developed to analyze a phased, diploid assembly serve to deepen our understanding of the genomic landscape of hop and may have broader applicability to the study of other large, complex genomes.

Interference fold patterns of the early Precambrian Rock Groups in the Songshan area, China

1982 ◽  
Vol 119 (5) ◽  
pp. 433-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shutian Suo ◽  
Ruqi Liu ◽  
Xingyuan Ma
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
North China ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Deformation History ◽  
North China Platform ◽  
Early Proterozoic ◽  
The North ◽  
Regional Deformation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Insight Into

SummaryThe Songshan area is located in the southern part of the North China platform, which is one of the most completely cratonized tectonic units of China. Its basement has experienced a complex evolutionary history and was eventually consolidated at the end of early Proterozoic time about 1.7 Ga ago.A systematic study has been made of the deformation history of the lower Proterozoic Songshan Group and the Archean Dengfeng Group. At least two widespread episodes of deformation can be recognised in the early Proterozoic Zhongyue tectonic cycle and three in the Archean Songyang cycle. Large scale and small scale interference patterns of the superimposed folding are investigated with the aim of recognizing possible regularities in their occurrence and of gaining an insight into the regional deformation history. Two important aspects of superimposition relationships are illustrated: the control of earlier structures upon later ones and the reform of the former by thelatter; their geometrical regularities are also dealt with respectively.

scholarly journals Nauka na usługach polityki? Przypadek Józefa Obrębskiego

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Engelking
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Master Narrative ◽  
Efficient Tool ◽  
Political Views ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scientific Project ◽  
Polish Government ◽  
Insight Into

Research in the service of politics? The case of Józef ObrębskiThe paper concentrates on the circumstances of the production of anthropological knowledge, created in a dynamic tension between its cognitive goal and the way it is used for political purposes. It provides an insight into a complex network of conditions (intelectual, institutional, financial, personal, political) which determined the production of knowledge in interwar Poland within the then emerging disciplines of ethnology and sociology, in the scope of what today we would call social anthropology.This case study takes a closer look at Polish anthropologist Józef Obrębski (1905-1967), a close student of Malinowski, whose outstanding achievements remained mostly unpublished and thus never came into existence in the master narrative of the history of our discipline. In the 1930s Obrębski conducted ethnosociological field research in the Polesie region in eastern Poland (nowadays, part of Belarus and Ukraine), which was part of a large scale scientific project of the Commission for Scientific Research of the Eastern Territories. This project, financed by the Polish government and headed by a politician, general Kasprzycki, was supposed to be an efficient tool in the politics of the so called state and national assimilation of the Slavic-speaking ethnic minorities. Obrębski’s political views, which were democratic and liberal in character, were opposed to the official political line whereas his functionalist anthropological stance was unacceptable for the mainstream Polish ethnology of the era, still rooted in the positivist paradigm.Anthropological knowledge produced by Obrębski, which we would call today a postcolonial and constructivist approach, began to find recognition only after his death. The biography of this scholar and the story of his “unknown” work, a great example of a non-mainstream phenomenon in a provincial country, makes it easier to reveal undisclosed mechanisms of the system and the thought-collectives of science. Nauka na usługach polityki? Przypadek Józefa ObrębskiegoArtykuł dotyczy uwarunkowań produkcji wiedzy antropologicznej w dynamicznym napięciu między jej celem poznawczym a zastosowaniem do celów politycznych. Przynosi wgląd w złożoną sieć uwarunkowań (intelektualnych, instytucjonalnych, finansowych, personalnych, politycznych) produkcji wiedzy w międzywojennej Polsce, na polu młodych dyscyplin, jakimi były wówczas etnologia i socjologia, polu, które dzisiaj nazywamy antropologią społeczno-kulturową.Bohaterem tego studium przypadku jest polski antropolog Józef Obrębski (1905-1967), bliski uczeń Malinowskiego, którego wybitne prace w większości pozostały nieopublikowane, nie funkcjonują zatem w wielkiej opowieści o historii dyscypliny. W latach 1930. Obrębski prowadził etnosocjologiczne badania terenowe na Polesiu we wschodniej Polsce (region ten dziś należy do Białorusi i Ukrainy), w ramach wdrażanego tam na szeroką skalę programu naukowego Komisji Naukowych Badań Ziem Wschodnich. Projekt ten, finansowany przez polski rząd i kierowany przez polityka, gen. Kasprzyckiego, miał być skutecznym narzędziem polityki asymilacji państwowej i narodowej słowiańskojęzycznych mniejszości etnicznych. Demokratyczne i liberalne poglądy polityczne Obrębskiego były opozycyjne wobec linii politycznej jego mocodawców, zaś stanowisko teoretyczno-metodologiczne, związane z funkcjonalizmem, było z kolei nie do przyjęcia przez polskich etnologów głównego nurtu, przywiązanych do paradygmatu pozytywistycznego.Antropologiczne osiągnięcia Obrębskiego, które dziś sytuujemy w obrębie podejścia postkolonialnego i konstruktywistycznego, zaczęły zyskiwać uznanie dopiero po jego śmierci. Biografia uczonego i dzieje jego „nieznanych” prac, ważny przykład pozamainstreamowego fenomenu w prowincjonalnym kraju, przyczyniają się do poznania nieujawnionych mechanizmów systemu i kolektywów myślowych w nauce.

scholarly journals Can Palynology be used for Reconstructing the Evolutionary History of Maize Agriculture?

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant D. Zazula
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Analysis ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Fossil Pollen ◽  
Evolutionary Transition ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Maize Agriculture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pollen Records

The lack of archaeological or macrobotanical evidence that directly links wild teosinte grass with early domesticated maize requires the exploration of alternative methodologies to document this evolutionary transition. The morphological characteristics and measurements for maize, teosinte and Tripsacum pollen are presented to determine if they display sufficient differentiation to be distinguished in fossil pollen records. Analysis of the data reveals a lack of distinguishing morphological characteristics between the pollen grains of these taxa and prevents palynology from be an effective method in documenting the evolutionary history of maize agriculture. Current methods of pollen analysis cannot be employed to document the evolution of teosinte to maize in the Tehuacan Valley of Mexico and pollen is not likely to provide an earlier record of this transition than what is found in the macrobotanical or archaeological evidence.

scholarly journals Contribution of non-pollen palynomorphs to reconstructions of land-use changes and lake eutrophication: case study from Lake Jaczno, northeastern Poland

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 247-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawid Weisbrodt ◽  
Dirk Enters ◽  
Maurycy Jacek Żarczyński ◽  
Anna Izabela Poraj-Górska ◽  
Wojciech Tylmann
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Pollen Analysis ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Laminated Sediments ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Northeastern Poland

Abstract Analysis of non-pollen palynomorphs supplemented by pollen analysis, microcharcoal analysis and geochemical data from laminated sediments from Lake Jaczno were used to establish different phases of land-use in the catchment between c.a. AD 1840 and AD 2013. The results show that during the first eighty years the vicinity of the lake was heavily deforested. During this period erosional inputs caused accumulation of abundant fungal spores, indicators of pastures and natural fertilizers (manure) as well as of corroded pollen grains and charcoal. Gradual regeneration of forest cover took place after World War II, when expansion of pioneer trees occurred (Betula, Salix, Carpinus, Populus). At the same time, a considerable increase in the lake trophy was observed, leading to the changes in phytoplankton and macrophyte communities: a decrease in the proportion of Botryococcus and an increase in the Nymphaea alba population. The non-pollen palynomorphs analyses indicate the substantial human impact that caused changing local environmental conditions, compatible with the results based on pollen analysis and geochemical data.

scholarly journals Anthropogenic Biomes: 10,000 BCE to 2015 CE

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erle C. Ellis ◽  
Arthur H.W. Beusen ◽  
Kees Klein Goldewijk
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Major Advance ◽  
Terrestrial Biosphere ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
History Of ◽  
Time Periods

Human populations and their use of land have reshaped landscapes for thousands of years, creating the anthropogenic biomes (anthromes) that now cover most of the terrestrial biosphere. Here we introduce the first global reconstruction and mapping of anthromes and their changes across the 12,000-year interval from 10,000 BCE to 2015 CE; the Anthromes 12K dataset. Anthromes were mapped using gridded global estimates of human population density and land use from the History of the Global Environment database (HYDE version 3.2) by a classification procedure similar to that used for prior anthrome maps. Anthromes 12K maps generally agreed with prior anthrome maps for the same time periods, though significant differences were observed, including a substantial reduction in Rangelands anthromes in 2000 CE but with increases before that time. Differences between maps resulted largely from improvements in HYDE’s representation of land use, including pastures and rangelands, compared with the HYDE 3.1 input data used in prior anthromes maps. The larger extent of early land use in Anthromes 12K also agrees more closely with empirical assessments than prior anthrome maps; the result of an evidence-based paradigm shift in characterizing the history of Earth’s transformation through land use, from a mostly recent large-scale conversion of uninhabited wildlands, to a long-term trend of increasingly intensive transformation and use of already inhabited and used landscapes. The spatial history of anthropogenic changes depicted in Anthromes 12K remain to be validated, especially for earlier time periods. Nevertheless, Anthromes 12K is a major advance over all prior anthrome datasets and provides a new platform for assessing the long-term environmental consequences of human transformation of the terrestrial biosphere.

Palynological Studies in Brigalow (Acacia harpophylla F. Muell.) Communities: Pollen Analysis in Gilgai Soil Under the Primary Forest

1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 355 ◽  
Author(s):  
WH Litchfield
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Analysis ◽  
Physical Stability ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Primary Forest ◽  
Eucalypt Forest ◽  
Biological Attack ◽  
Pollen Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
Successional Change ◽  
Pollen Preservation

A pollen analysis of acid clays under brigalow is presented. The pollen fluxes in a first pair of soil profiles throw light upon the natural history of one locality as regards both its modern vegetation and the physical stability of gilgai. Fluxes in the relative pollen preservation indicate intensity of biological attack on the exine. In a profile representative of the higher level, preservation is good enough, erosion or fill on a micro-scale so slight, and any vertical down-wash so slow as to show up residual flux variations from successional change. But under this natural canopy, even though there is only a very slow wash of litter and soil down to the bottom of the depression, a faster tempo of decay than any in the higher ground, and physical incorporation down deeper cracks, maintain a balance that prevents accumulation on an almost bare surface. This shows up in deeper penetration of pollen grains, in even the residual pollen types being severely eroded, and in irregular fluxes in which the successional trace is lost. Presumably, old Myrtaceae types have washed out of the soil above. The pollen fluxes indicate a natural replacement of eucalypt forest by brigalow some time before clearing. The expanding fluxes at the immediate surface are taxa from outside the forest, particularly the Chenopodiaceae, that would have become more abundant after clearing. Insight into soil stability comes from the marked contrast in the distribution and the preservation of the pollen grains across the microrelief. The higher level is physically more stable than the bottom of the adjacent depression. Depressions are surprisingly dry in natural forest, but these pollen fluxes suggest that they are occas- ionally the wettest microenvironment.

Employment Law

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josh McLeod ◽  
Yvonne McLaren
Keyword(s):  
Employment Law ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Business Law ◽  
Vital Part ◽  
Contract Of Employment ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Insight Into

Employment laws are put in place to protect employees from any mistreatment from their employers, and are a vital part of a country’s efforts to protect its citizens. Some countries are regarded as having very restrictive employment laws whilst others are regarded as more relaxed. According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), who analyse and compare employment protections in various countries, the UK, Canada and the USA have the most lenient laws whereas France, Spain and Turkey have the strictest. This chapter will focus on UK employment law, where workers’ rights can be traced back to the 1300s and significant changes are still occurring today. By examining the UK’s history of employment law, the contract of employment, corresponding rights and duties of both the employer and employee and the circumstances in which the contract of employment might come to an end, students will gain a valuable insight into a unique area of UK business law.

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