Castaing’s Electron Microprobe and Its Impact on Materials Science

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale E. Newbury
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microprobe ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Materials Engineering ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Materials Science And Engineering ◽  
Basic Infrastructure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

Abstract The development of the electron microprobe by Raymond Castaing provided a great stimulus to materials science at a critical time in its history. For the first time, accurate elemental analysis could be performed with a spatial resolution of 1 µm, well within the dimensions of many microstructural features. The impact of the microprobe occurred across the entire spectrum of materials science and engineering. Contributions to the basic infrastructure of materials science included more accurate and efficient determination of phase diagrams and diffusion coefficients. The study of the microstructure of alloys was greatly enhanced by electron microprobe characterization of major, minor, and trace phases, including contamination. Finally, the electron microprobe has proven to be a critical tool for materials engineering, particularly to study failures, which often begin on a micro-scale and then propagate to the macro-scale with catastrophic results.

scholarly journals Sulfur dioxide layer height retrieval from Sentinel-5 Precursor/TROPOMI using FP_ILM

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 5503-5517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal Hedelt ◽  
Dmitry S. Efremenko ◽  
Diego G. Loyola ◽  
Robert Spurr ◽  
Lieven Clarisse
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Layer Height ◽  
Learning Machine ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
Better Than

Abstract. The accurate determination of the location, height, and loading of sulfur dioxide (SO2) plumes emitted by volcanic eruptions is essential for aviation safety. The SO2 layer height is also one of the most critical parameters with respect to determining the impact on the climate. Retrievals of SO2 plume height have been carried out using satellite UV backscatter measurements, but, until now, such algorithms are very time-consuming. We have developed an extremely fast yet accurate SO2 layer height retrieval using the Full-Physics Inverse Learning Machine (FP_ILM) algorithm. This is the first time the algorithm has been applied to measurements from the TROPOMI instrument onboard the Sentinel-5 Precursor platform. In this paper, we demonstrate the ability of the FP_ILM algorithm to retrieve SO2 plume layer heights in near-real-time applications with an accuracy of better than 2 km for SO2 total columns larger than 20 DU. We present SO2 layer height results for the volcanic eruptions of Sinabung in February 2018, Sierra Negra in June 2018, and Raikoke in June 2019, observed by TROPOMI.

scholarly journals The Impact of the Quality of Tap Water and the Properties of Installation Materials on the Formation of Biofilms

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorota Papciak ◽  
Barbara Tchórzewska-Cieślak ◽  
Andżelika Domoń ◽  
Anna Wojtuś ◽  
Jakub Żywiec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Galvanized Steel ◽  
Phosphorus Compounds ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Nickel Steel ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

The article presents changes in the quality of tap water depending on time spent in installation and its impact on the creation of biofilms on various materials (polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), chrome-nickel steel and galvanized steel). For the first time, quantitative analyses of biofilm were performed using methods such as: Adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP) measurement, flow cytometry, heterotrophic plate count and using fractographical parameters. In the water, after leaving the experimental installation, the increase of turbidity, content of organic compounds, nitrites and nitrates was found, as well as the decrease in the content of chlorine compounds, dissolved oxygen and phosphorus compounds. There was an increase in the number of mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria. In addition, the presence of Escherichia coli was also found. The analysis of the quantitative determination of microorganisms in a biofilm indicates that galvanized steel is the most susceptible material for the adhesion of microorganisms. These results were also confirmed by the analysis of the biofilm morphology. The roughness profile, the thickness of the biofilm layer can be estimated at about 300 μm on galvanized steel.

Determination of Contact Angles of Nanosized Silica Particles by Multi-Angle Single-Wavelength Ellipsometry

2007 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy N. Hunter ◽  
Graeme J. Jameson ◽  
Erica J. Wanless
Keyword(s):  
Materials Science ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Contact Angles ◽  
Equilibrium Contact Angle ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Air Water Interface ◽  
Specific Contact ◽  
Materials Science And Engineering ◽  
Two Layer Model

The determination of nanoparticle wettability is an area of great practical importance to materials science and engineering fields. There has been some recent interest in using spectroscopic analysis to indirectly categorize behaviour of monolayers, using the reflective and refractive properties of immersed particles. A method is developed here to calculate specific contact information for nanoparticles at an air–water interface, using single wavelength ellipsometry. A two-layer model is used that considers the refractive index of the immersed and non-immersed particle portions. Pressure–area isotherms and Brewster angle images were used to confirm and categorize the nature of a packed monolayer, and ψ and Δ measurements taken of the interface. Immersion thickness was calculated and related to an equilibrium contact angle, and combined thickness data for the two layers was successfully related to the diameter of the particles.

scholarly journals The Impact of Geographical Location on the Chemical Compositions of Pimpinella lutea Desf. Growing in Tunisia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 7739
Author(s):  
Hekmat AL-Hmadi ◽  
Ridha El Mokni ◽  
Rajesh K. Joshi ◽  
Mohamed L. Ashour ◽  
Saoussen Hammami
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
High Level ◽  
Physical Environmental Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
North And South

Essential oils are generally produced to confer the protection of medicinal plants against several natural enemies. Variations of chemical and physical environmental factors exert significant influences on plant development. They hence may affect the quality and quantity of volatile organic metabolites of interest and, therefore, the economic applications of essential oils. This research focused on the effects of the harvest region on the production and analytes present in Tunisian Pimpinella lutea Desf. Apiaceae that were collected in three different growing environments (North and South Bizerta and Tabarka). Essential oils extracted from a variety of genotypes were analyzed, for the first time, using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/FID and GC/MS). The determination of the percentage of essential oil components allowed the recognition of three chemotypes: α-trans-Bergamotene quantified at a percentage of 18.1% in North Bizerta (NBEO), muurola-4,10(14)-dien-1-β-ol identified in South Bizerta (10.1%, SBEO) and acora-3,7(14)-dien present in a high level of 29.1% in Tabarka population (TEO). The richness of different populations in sesquiterpenes (60.2–78.1%) suggests that Pimpinella lutea Desf. may be used in different industrial segments.

Links of science & Technology

MRS Bulletin ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry J. Leamy ◽  
Jack H. Wernick
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
New Era ◽  
Materials Engineering ◽  
Materials Science And Engineering ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Blank Slate ◽  
Performance Gains ◽  
And Control

We humans have employed and improved materials for millennia, but it required the Industrial Revolution of the last century to birth the systematic, science-based development of materials. During this time, effort expended in understanding the process-microstructure-properties relationships of materials conferred great economic and military advantage upon the successful. The introduction of machine power in this era created great leverage for improvements in the strength, ductility, corrosion resistance, formability, and similar properties of materials. Response to this opportunity led to the emergence of the materials profession. Stimulated by opportunity, materials scientists and engineers of the day met many of the challenges by first understanding and then controlling the composition and microstructure of materials. In the process, they defined the materials-engineering profession and left their names as a part of its vocabulary: Martens(ite), Bain(ite), Austen(ite), Schmid, Bessemer, Charpy, and Jomminy, to name a few. In fact the understanding and control of microstructure is the hallmark of materials science and engineering. Of course the ancient art of finding, mining, concentrating, and refining materials from the earth's crust does not apply to this definition since we wish to focus on the engineering of materials.Five decades ago, a new chapter in the evolution of this profession began by the invention of the transistor. This invention and the development of integrated circuitry that followed from it spawned a new era of materials achievement, again stimulated by the enormous economic and performance gains available. In this arena however, the object of the game was to completely eliminate microstructure while doing away with impurities, save for a desired few, to levels previously unimagined. Today a material thus prepared is a blank slate upon which we can write the microstructure of an integrated circuit.

scholarly journals Renewables—disruptors? or Disrupted?

2011 ◽  
Vol 133 (12) ◽  
pp. 30-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garry Golden
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Energy Information Administration ◽  
Renewable Electricity ◽  
Materials Engineering ◽  
The Future ◽  
Materials Science And Engineering ◽  
Real Market ◽  
Renewable Electricity Generation

This article analyzes the future of renewable energy. Looking to the future, renewables are expected to be the fastest growing category of energy through 2035 as global efforts gain momentum. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, in its Annual Energy Outlook 2011, renewable electricity generation is expected to grow by 72%, raising its share of total power generation from 11% in 2009 to 14% in 2035. The strongest sources of growth will be wind and biomass, while solar remains the perennial dark horse with tremendous but unproven potential. Renewables could also see breakthroughs ahead based on advances in nanotechnology and its impact on materials science and engineering. To overcome the challenges to gaining real market share from legacy hydrocarbons, renewables must catch the wave of other trends shaping the global energy landscape, including materials engineering and business models that help to lower barriers and speed adoption.

Integrating Industry Research in Pedagogical Practice

2015 ◽  
pp. 254-272
Author(s):  
Krishnan Kannoorpatti ◽  
Daria Surovtseva
Keyword(s):  
Materials Science ◽  
Pedagogical Practice ◽  
Microbial Corrosion ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Materials Engineering ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
Industry Research ◽  
Materials Science And Engineering ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Microstructural Effect

This chapter discusses how the issue of microbial corrosion can be incorporated in the Materials Engineering curriculum. Research in this field contributes to knowledge building in microstructural effect of corrosion, and development of advanced corrosion protection techniques, which aligns with the essence of Materials Science and Engineering. This chapter suggests an instructional approach where students undertake a project in which they produce a database summarizing the relationship between corrosion rate and factors as types of bacteria, functional genes, types of alloys, and welding procedures. The benefit of such approach is two-fold. First, discussion of this topic in the curriculum provides an opportunity to introduce approaches for efficient management of the current issues encountered in industry. Second, there is currently no comprehensive database on the microbial corrosion conditions. Additionally, this chapter provides some insights into the best instructional strategies for the efficient management of an online engineering course in higher education.

Linking Materials Science and Engineering Curriculum to Design and Manufacturing Challenges of the Automotive Industry

2015 ◽  
pp. 46-66
Author(s):  
Fugen Daver ◽  
Roger Hadgraft
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Engineering Students ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Interdisciplinary Cooperation ◽  
Teaching Approach ◽  
Innovative Teaching ◽  
Materials Engineering ◽  
Postgraduate Level ◽  
Materials Science And Engineering ◽  
The Right

Materials engineering applications are becoming more widespread, varied and sophisticated due to advances in science and increasing interdisciplinary cooperation. To be able to impart engineering graduates with the required technical background, educators need to update the course syllabus and the program curriculum continuously. Most importantly, in a world of constant change, educators need to develop the right graduate capabilities in engineering students. This calls for new, innovative teaching approaches to materials education. This chapter demonstrates the authors' teaching approach through the design and development of an Automotive Materials course at postgraduate level in an ‘International Automotive Engineering' program at RMIT University in Melbourne, Australia. To elucidate this teaching approach to materials education, the authors discuss in detail the need to impart an up-to-date understanding of new, alternative materials, the development of graduate capabilities, interdisciplinary systems thinking towards materials education, and the environmental sustainability of engineering materials.

Modelling of impact of temperature gradient on content of polymer ampoule during its forming

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (100) ◽  
pp. 12-19
Author(s):  
G.M. Koloskova ◽  
V.Yu. Koloskov
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Packaging Materials ◽  
Liquid Temperature ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose: The aim of the represented study was to model the impact of temperature gradient on content of polymer ampoule during its forming. Design/methodology/approach: The model of polymer ampoules forming is built in SolidWorks software on the basis of finite element method. Using the developed model the study of temperature condition changes is carried out. Numerical modelling was carried out for two types of polymer packaging materials – polypropylene and polyvinylchloride – in similar conditions. Findings: During polymer ampoule forming the highest temperature of liquid is obtained at the bottom of it. The most effective packaging method is to form the ampoule from polypropylene by means of aluminium die. Investigation results have shown that the highest obtained liquid temperature has linear dependence from initial one. Linear coefficients of heating were evaluated for polypropylene (equal to 0.72) and polyvinylchloride (equal to 0.58). Practical implications: Decrease of initial liquid temperature value gives an opportunity to expand the range of products allowed to be packed in polymer ampoules in represented method. Safe conditions for packaging of liquid products in polymer ampoules are formulated, The results of the study may be used to improve the quality of liquid products packaging in polymer ampoules. Originality/value: For the first time the model was developed for determination of liquid heating degree during its packaging in polymer ampoules. The calculations of the temperature distribution are represented for polypropylene and polyvinylchloride ampoules forming by means of aluminium and ceramic dies. The results of the study may be of interest to specialists in the field of polymer packaging manufacturing for food or pharmaceutical industry.

A Partnership Inspiring Interest in MSE Careers: The Center for Research on Interface Structures and Phenomena (CRISP)

2007 ◽  
Vol 1046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Caragianis-Broadbridge ◽  
Heather Edgecumbe ◽  
Greg Osenko ◽  
Ann Lehman ◽  
Lisa Alter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literacy ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Educational Programs ◽  
State University ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Outreach Effort ◽  
Materials Science And Engineering ◽  
Interface Structures ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe intent of the CRISP education and outreach effort is to use materials science as a vehicle for enhancing the scientific literacy and knowledge of kindergarten through post-graduate level students. A challenging part of our mission has been inspiring students to take the next step and consider further study (or a career) in the field of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE). The CRISP educational programs were developed through a partnership between Yale University, Southern Connecticut State University and the urban school district of New Haven, CT. An overview of the methods and results of both formal and informal educational program components will be presented for years one and two of the CRISP MRSEC. This paper will focus on two CRISP programs: 1) MRSEC Initiative for Multidisciplinary Education & Research (MIMER) and 2) “Exploring Materials Science” mobile kits. The evaluation data indicates that the approach used in developing these educational programs is important. Specifically, the impact of these programs is influenced by the students' ability to relate the acquired knowledge to real life applications and technologies. In particular, emphasizing career opportunities rather than just presenting content-based programs is a key element to increasing interest towards further study in Materials Science and Engineering.

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