A case of organotin toxic encephalopathy with atypical imaging characteristic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cong Luo ◽  
Yujiao Fu
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Encephalopathy ◽  
Imaging Characteristic

Therapeutic Potential of Citronella Essential Oil: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 330-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruchi Sharma ◽  
Rekha Rao ◽  
Sunil Kumar ◽  
Sheefali Mahant ◽  
Sarita Khatkar
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Toxic Encephalopathy ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Insect Repellents ◽  
Citronella Oil ◽  
Medicinal Value

Mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, filariasis, chikunguniya, yellow fever, dengue and Japanese encephalitis are the major cause of remarkable morbidity and mortality in livestock and humans worldwide. Since ancient times, aromatic plants are used for their medicinal value. Essential oils derived from these plants may be used as effective alternatives/adjuvants in pharmaceuticals, biomedical, cosmetic, food, veterinary and agriculture applications. These oils have also gained popularity and interest for prevention and treatment of various disorders. However, several reports on adverse effects including skin eruption, contact artricaria or toxic encephalopathy in children are available for synthetic repellent in the literature. Thus, natural insect repellents like essential oils have been explored recently as an alternative. One such essential oil studied widely, is citronella oil, extracted mainly from Cymbopogon nardus. This essential oil has exhibited good efficacy against mosquitoes. It is a mixture of components including citronellal, citronellol, geraniol as major constituents contributing to various activities (antimicrobial, anthelmintic, antioxidant, anticonvulsant antitrypanosomal and wound healing), besides mosquito repellent action. Citronella essential oil is registered in US EPA (Environmental protection agency) as insect repellent due to its high efficacy, low toxicity and customer satisfaction. However, poor stability in the presence of air and high temperature limits its practical applications. Since specific knowledge on properties and chemical composition of oil is fundamental for its effective application, the present review compiles and discusses biological properties of citronella oil. It also sheds light on various formulations and applications of this essential oil.

scholarly journals Pharmacogenetics of the Central Nervous System—Toxicity and Relapse Affecting the CNS in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2333
Author(s):  
Judit C. Sági ◽  
András Gézsi ◽  
Bálint Egyed ◽  
Zsuzsanna Jakab ◽  
Noémi Benedek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Gene Polymorphisms ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Toxic Encephalopathy ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Central Nervous System Toxicity ◽  
Cns Relapse ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Despite improving cure rates in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), therapeutic side effects and relapse are ongoing challenges. These can also affect the central nervous system (CNS). Our aim was to identify germline gene polymorphisms that influence the risk of CNS events. Sixty single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 20 genes were genotyped in a Hungarian non-matched ALL cohort of 36 cases with chemotherapy related acute toxic encephalopathy (ATE) and 544 controls. Five significant SNPs were further analyzed in an extended Austrian-Czech-NOPHO cohort (n = 107 cases, n = 211 controls) but none of the associations could be validated. Overall populations including all nations’ matched cohorts for ATE (n = 426) with seizure subgroup (n = 133) and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES, n = 251) were analyzed, as well. We found that patients with ABCB1 rs1045642, rs1128503 or rs2032582 TT genotypes were more prone to have seizures but those with rs1045642 TT developed PRES less frequently. The same SNPs were also examined in relation to ALL relapse on a case-control matched cohort of 320 patients from all groups. Those with rs1128503 CC or rs2032582 GG genotypes showed higher incidence of CNS relapse. Our results suggest that blood-brain-barrier drug transporter gene-polymorphisms might have an inverse association with seizures and CNS relapse.

scholarly journals Routine fruit washing to prevent acute toxic encephalopathy – Authors' reply

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. e864
Author(s):  
Akshay C Dhariwal ◽  
Srinivas Venkatesh ◽  
Aakash Shrivastava ◽  
Amit Chakrabarti ◽  
Jerry D Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Encephalopathy ◽  
Acute Toxic

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Due to Amisulpride in a Patient With Solvent-Induced Chronic Toxic Encephalopathy

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 245-246
Author(s):  
Vaios Peritogiannis ◽  
Sofia Tsouli ◽  
Dimitrios Pappas ◽  
Venetsanos Mavreas ◽  
Spiros Konitsiotis
Keyword(s):  
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome ◽  
Toxic Encephalopathy ◽  
Chronic Toxic Encephalopathy

JUVENILE MIGRAINE, PRESENTING AS AN ACUTE CONFUSIONAL STATE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 628-635
Author(s):  
Generoso Gascon ◽  
Charles Barlow
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Disease ◽  
Initial Presentation ◽  
Toxic Encephalopathy ◽  
Acute Confusional State ◽  
Confusional State ◽  
Clinical Criteria ◽  
Neurological Signs ◽  
Mental Disturbance ◽  
Unilateral Headache ◽  
Complicated Migraine

In the literature, complicated migraine usually connotes paroxysmal unilateral headache and vomiting associated with neurological signs, such as hemiplegia, hemianopsia, aphasia, ophthalmoplegia, or syncope. A not uncommon form of complicated migraine in childhood is the presentation with an acute confusional state. Four cases are described. Emphasis is placed on the initial presentation with disturbed sensorium and consciousness, with varying degrees of agitation, and the difficulty for the clinician in distinguishing from other causes of acute mental disturbance, such as toxic-metabolic psychoses due to drug ingestion or known metabolic disease, encephalitis, acute toxic encephalopathy, and epilepsy, particularly petit mal status and postictal confusion. The diagnosis of migraine was made only after the acute episode, when the usual clinical criteria for making a diagnosis of migraine was established in retrospect or by subsequent course. In all cases the episodes of confusion were single ones, with no repetition of similar attacks, although the classic or common types of migraine often reoccurred.

Lethal Toxic Encephalopathy Due to Childhood Shigellosis in a Developed Country

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 1189-1193
Author(s):  
Avner Goren ◽  
Serem Freier ◽  
Justen H. Passwell
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Toxic Encephalopathy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Patients Âgés ◽  
Shigella Species

Shigellosis results in considerable morbidity in endemic areas, but mortality is rare in developed countries. All pediatric deaths (n = 15) in Israel following shigellosis in the past 10 years were reviewed. The patients' ages ranged from 5 months to 11 years; there were eight boys and seven girls. Three were institutionalized mentally retarded patients, 11 were healthy children. Twelve had definite clinical signs of brain death within 48 hours of onset of disease. Cause of death in all patients was consistent with toxic encephalopathy. No other systemic complication was implicated as the cause of death except for one case consistent with a "Reye-like" syndrome. Shigella species were as follows: 8 flexneri, 4 sonnei, 1 dysenteriae, and 2 were not identified. Case-control study of these patients vs surviving, hospitalized patients with shigellosis showed similar severity of fever, diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration and similar incidence of convulsions. Headache was a prominent feature of patients who died; 5 of 7 verbal patients complained of this symptom as opposed to 2 of 20 in the control group (P < .01). There were no significant differences in the hematological and biochemical profile (except for an increased incidence of hyponatremia in the study group), pattern of shigella species, or antibiotic sensitivity. These findings indicate that mortality from shigellosis in a developed country is due primarily to the toxic encephalopathy syndrome.

Bifrontal decompressive craniotomy for massive cerebral edema

1971 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 488-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond N. Kjellberg ◽  
Alberto Prieto
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Edema ◽  
Massachusetts General Hospital ◽  
Pseudotumor Cerebri ◽  
Toxic Encephalopathy ◽  
Brain Swelling ◽  
High Mortality Risk ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Decompressive Craniotomy ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Mass Lesions

✓ A large bifrontal craniotomy was used in selected patients judged to carry an unusually high mortality risk due to brain swelling secondary to brain trauma. The procedure enabled exploration of both hemisphere convexities, evacuation of accumulated blood and necrotic brain, and decompression of swollen brain. This report reviews 73 cases operated on at the Massachusetts General Hospital since March, 1962; 18% of these patients survived. The largest experience was with post-traumatic cerebral edema, although intractable edema secondary to mass lesions, hemorrhage, toxic encephalopathy, and pseudotumor cerebri was also treated.

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