Control of Colletotrichum fructicola on strawberry with a foliar spray of neutral electrolyzed water through an overhead irrigation system

A study of applying growth retardants under overhead and subsurface irrigation systems was conducted on bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. cv. Tifway) grown from rhizomes in 15-cm pots containing sand medium. Paclobutrazol (50%) at 2 mg/pot was used as foliar spray or charged-hydrophilic polymers (Super Sorb C) and either incorporated or put below medium surface. Mefluidide (28%) at 0.01% ml/pot was used only as foliar spray. Before spray treatments, grasses were cut at 2 cm from medium surface, and the second cut was made at the 6th week from treatment. All growth retardant treatments reduced grass height compared to non-treated plants. The lowest grass height was produced by paclobutrazol as foliar spray under overhead irrigation in the 6th and 9th week. By the 9th week, all hormonal treatments under the two irrigation systems had no effect on grass quality, color, and establishment rate. Both paclobutrazol foliar spray and below medium surface charged-polymer treatments under subsurface irrigation had the lowest water loss and dry weight by the 6th and 9th week. The paclobutrazol charged-polymer treatment under subsurface irrigation had also the the lowest root dry weight among all treatments. Although mefluidide foliar spray was less effective on grass height than paclobutrazol, they had similar effect on water loss and shoot dry weight.

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INEFFECTIVENESS OF THE OVERHEAD-IRRIGATION METHOD FOR THE APPLICATION OF INSECTICIDES TO CONTROL THE SUGARCANE MOTH STALK-BORER, DIATRAEA. SACCHARALIS (FABRICIUS)

The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico ◽

10.46429/jaupr.v38i1.12718 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 38-60

Author(s):

Luis F. Martorell ◽

Calvin H. Burleigh

Keyword(s):

Insect Pests ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Stalk Borer ◽

Low Concentration ◽

Irrigation Method ◽

Diatraea Saccharalis ◽

Overhead Irrigation ◽

Benzene Hexachloride ◽

Emulsion Concentrate ◽

Moth Borer

The use of the overhead-irrigation system established at Colonia Juana Díaz, near Central Cortada, Santa Isabel, P. R., makes possible the application of fertilizers dissolved in water, and of insecticides for the control of soil-insect pests. Experiments were conducted during the crop years 1950 and 1951, using the overhead-irrigation system as a means of applying insecticides, in an attempt to control the sugarcane moth-stalk borer, Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius). Thirteen different kinds of insecticides, namely: Aldrin, Chlordane, Dieldrin, Ryania, Rhothane (DDD), Benzene hexachloride, CPR Emulsion Concentrate, Gy-phene (Toxaphene), Muriate (Methoxychlor), Kryocide (natural cryolite insecticide), Dilan 25 EM, Heptachlor 2E Emulsion Concentrate, and Dr. Wolf's Insecticide A, were used. Each insecticide was applied at two different concentrations. Thirty-one plots planted with sugarcane, each having an area of 214 acres, were used in the experiment, 20 of them being treated with insecticides and 11 being used as checks. The insecticides were applied at 15-day intervals; there were four sprayings during each season. The experiments were initiated during the fall of 1950 and 1951, respectively, when the sugarcane plants were still small and had just begun to develop the first joints at the base of the stalks. The tables and analyses of the work conducted demonstrated that these insecticides, at least when applied by this method of spraying, were completely ineffective in the control of the insect. In many cases the check plots showed less borer infestation than those treated with insecticides; in others, the insecticide was more effective at low concentration than when used at twice that concentration. The ineffectiveness of the insecticides might be due, in part, to the large amount of water used which reduced the concentration of the chemical so much as to make it valueless in controlling the moth-borer.

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Leachate and Irrigation Sensor Development and Performance in Container Nursery Production

Applied Engineering in Agriculture ◽

10.13031/aea.14080 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 65-75

Author(s):

Quinn Cypher ◽

Amy Fulcher ◽

Wesley C. Wright ◽

Xiaocun Sun ◽

Lauren Fessler

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Sensor Network ◽

Closed Loop ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Irrigation Schedule ◽

Automated System ◽

Individual Plant ◽

List Type ◽

Overhead Irrigation ◽

Leaching Fraction

HighlightsUsing leaching fraction to schedule irrigation is recommended yet no automated measurement system exists.Sensors were developed to automatically measure leachate and irrigation within a sensor network.There was no difference between sensor measured and manually captured volume for sensors deployed in a nursery.After deployment in commercial nurseries, sensors accurately measured leachate and irrigation within 10% margin.Abstract. Nursery crops are often over-irrigated, resulting in wasted water and agrochemical inputs. Irrigating based on leaching fraction is recommended, yet an automated system for measuring and recording nursery container effluent (leachate) does not exist. The objective of this research was to develop and test a sensor-based system for real-time leachate and irrigation measurement in outdoor commercial nurseries. Sensors were developed to automatically measure irrigation and leachate volume in container nurseries that use overhead irrigation with the goal of facilitating the development of an automated leaching fraction-based irrigation system. Sensors were built using readily available components, including tipping bucket mechanisms calibrated to either 4.7 or 8.2 mL per tip, and were designed and constructed to function with commonly used 3.8-, 11.4-, and 14.5-L nursery containers. Sensor networks were developed in order to collect data from the sensors. Sensors were deployed at three commercial nurseries and tested using closed- and open-loop tests. Initially, a closed-loop test was performed on a subset of the sensors to test the integrity of the sensor-container system when subjected to an overhead irrigation delivery system. Following closed-loop tests, sensors were subjected to tests utilizing directed applications of water to compare sensor measurements with the volume of water applied and to compare sensor measurements over time (pre- and post-season). There was no difference between leachate measured by sensors and leachate captured and measured manually in closed-loop tests (p = 0.0570). In directed applications, sensors measured water flow with less than 3% margin at the beginning of the season (p = 0.0485) and less than 10% margin at the end of the season (p = 0.0390) regardless of container size. Pre- and post-season comparisons showed equivalence at the 10% margin for the 4.7-mL tipping bucket size (p = 0.0043) and at 5% for those calibrated to 8.2 mL per tip (p = 0.0198). Sensors deployed in commercial nurseries accurately measured leachate and irrigation within a 10% margin in real-time, on an individual plant scale, making them a viable option for a leaching fraction-based irrigation schedule. Keywords: Container effluent, Container-grown plants, Leaching fraction, Irrigation schedule, Sensor network.

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Efficiency of water and nutrient use in containerised plants irrigated by overhead, drip or capillary irrigation

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea02030 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 189 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

P. B. Goodwin ◽

M. Murphy ◽

P. Melville ◽

W. Yiasoumi

Keyword(s):

Controlled Release ◽

Environmental Impact ◽

Water Use ◽

Nitrate Nitrogen ◽

Irrigation System ◽

The Other ◽

Irrigation Systems ◽

Nutrient Use ◽

Overhead Irrigation ◽

Significant Difference

This paper reports an assessment of the potential of an irrigation system based on capillary matting in comparison to the industry standard, overhead irrigation, and to drip irrigation, for plants growing in pots. The systems were evaluated on the basis of the dry weights of the plants grown, water-use efficiency (volume of runoff) and the environmental impact of the systems. The environmental impact was assessed by the volumes of runoff and the amounts of nitrate nitrogen and phosphate phosphorus in the runoff. Rose and tomato grew on capillary mat as large as or larger than (dry weight) with drip or overhead irrigation when controlled-release fertiliser (Osmocote Plus, 5–6 month release) was mixed through the medium. Lavender and pansy showed no significant difference between the irrigation systems. However, when the fertiliser was applied to the surface or in the dibble hole, pansy, dianthus and anisodontea grew larger with overhead than with capillary irrigation.The volumes of water used by the drip and capillary systems were about equal at 2.6 and 3.3 L/pot.week, respectively, as were the volumes of runoff produced, 0.43 and 0.39 L/pot.week, but both were far lower than the corresponding values for the overhead system, where water use was 7.13 L/pot.week, and the runoff 3.00�L/pot.week. At the end of the trial, plants grown with capillary irrigation had a high electrical conductivity in the surface layers of the pots when controlled-release fertiliser was either mixed evenly through (1997, EC 2.04 dS/m) or was applied to the top of the mix (1998, EC 0.87 dS/m). On the other hand, with overhead watering the EC was more evenly distributed (1997, EC range 0.30–0.36 dS/m) or highest at the bottom of the pot (1998, EC 0.97 dS/m). The concentrations of nutrients in the runoff from the capillary mat system, nitrate nitrogen 6.2 mg/L and phosphate phosphorus 0.12 mg/L, were lower than those for either of the other systems, overhead giving 9.7 and 0.49 mg/L and drip 11.5 and 0.49 mg/L of nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively. Total nutrient leaching per week for nitrate and phosphate, respectively, was 320 and 16.2 mg/m2 for overhead, 53.9 and 3.1 mg/m2 for drip and 26.4 and 0.50 mg/m2 for capillary irrigation. Thus, capillary irrigation gave more efficient water and nutrient use and reduced nutrient contamination of the environment compared with the drip or overhead irrigation systems.

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Cotton Response to Variable Nitrogen Rate Fertigation through an Overhead Irrigation System

Agricultural Sciences ◽

10.4236/as.2019.101006 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (01) ◽

pp. 66-80

Author(s):

Phillip B. Williams ◽

Ahmad Khalilian ◽

Michael W. Marshall ◽

Joe Mari Maja ◽

Haibo Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Irrigation System ◽

Nitrogen Rate ◽

Overhead Irrigation

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Response of Cherry Tomato to Foliar Spray of Amino Acid, Bio-Catalyst and Dotted Type in Qualities and Evaluation of Drip Irrigation System

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/910/1/012100 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 910 (1) ◽

pp. 012100

Author(s):

Zaynab Rasool Ahmed ◽

Omar Hashim Muslah Almohammedi

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Humic Acid ◽

Vitamin C ◽

Drip Irrigation ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Winter Season ◽

Foliar Spray ◽

Drip Irrigation System ◽

Main Plot

Abstract The experiment was conducted in the winter season of 2020 at the Agricultural Research and Experimentation Station of the Faculty of Agriculture, the University of Kirkuk under non-warm plastic house conditions and the study included three factors, the first factor, the type of dotted in the main plot (GR, Turbo, Spiral) and the second factor spraying with determination arginine subplot of concentrations. 300 mg/L and the third factor spraying with Bio-Catalyst Hortiboots10Sub subplot with concentrations (0,5, 10) ml/l and interaction between them in the specific qualities of the cherry Lycopersicon esculentum. L And evaluates the drip irrigation system carried out the working experiment according to the design of the full random sectors R.C.B.D and by arranging the system of dissident splinter panels Split Split Plot and four replication. The results show The amino acid arginine at a concentration of 300 mg/L was significantly superior to the content of lycopene and vitamin C in the fruits and the number of fruits amounted to 29.28 mg/100g, 17.22 mg/100gm, 76.84 fruits/plant compared to control, which amounted to 22.65 mg/100gm, 12.39mg/100gm, 65.18 fruits/plant As for the effect of spraying with humic acid, we notice that 10 ml/liter of humic acid has the highest percentage in the content of vitamin C in fruits, and the number of fruits reached 17.40 mg/100 g and 74.80 fruits/plant and for the effect of the emitter type, the Spiral was superior to the vitamin C content of fruits, which amounted to 21.00 mg/100 g, while the superiority of the emitter GR in the number of fruits was 85.97 fruits/plant.

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EFFECT OF THE FOLIAR SPRAYING OF FULVIC ACID, FOLIC ACID, AND SEAWEED EXTRACT ON VEGETATIVE GROWTH, YIELD AND FRUIT QUALITY OF GRAPE CV. FLAME SEEDLESS

PLANT ARCHIVES ◽

10.51470/plantarchives.2021.v21.no1.068 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (no 1) ◽

Author(s):

Harhash M. M. ◽

Abd EL- Megeed N.A ◽

Abaidalah A. S. ◽

Mosa W. F. A

Keyword(s):

Folic Acid ◽

Fulvic Acid ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Foliar Spray ◽

Growth Yield ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Seaweed Extract ◽

Vitamin B9 ◽

Seedless Grape ◽

Length Width

This study was performed during 2019 and 2020 seasons on seven years old “Flame seedless” grape trees (Vitis vinefera L.). The trees were cultivated at 3 meters apart between rows and 2 meters between trees in the same row in a calcareous soil under drip irrigation system in a private orchard located at Nubaria, Beheira governorate, Egypt. The trees were sprayed three times, before flowering, during the full bloom and three weeks later with the following treatments: Control spray with water only, Fulvic acid at 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm, Folic acid (vitamin B9) at 100, 150 and 200 ppm, Seaweed extract at 2000, 3000 and 4000 ppm. Besides, the combinations of 1000 ppm Fulvic acid +100 ppm Folic acid+ 2000 ppm Seaweed extract, 1500 ppm Fulvic acid + 150 ppm Folic acid + 3000 ppm Seaweed extract and 2000 ppm Fulvic acid + 200 ppm Folic acid + 4000 ppm Seaweed extract were also applied. The obtained results demonstrated that the foliar spray of Folic acid, Fulvic acid and Seaweed extract and their combinations improved weight, length, width, size and number of clusters. Furthermore, they also increased extremely weight of 100 berries and consequently the yield per vine in kg and the yield in ton per hectare, weight of juice, the percentages of total sugars, and total soluble solids as compared to control in the two seasons. The effect of Fulvic acid on the previous mentioned parameters was higher than the effect of Seaweed extractor Folic acid and its effect was better by the increasing the applied concentration where the best one was 2000 ppm, which gave the best results more than the other applied treatments in the two seasons. The best combination was Fulvic acid 2000 ppm + Folic acid at 200 ppm + Seaweed extract 4000 ppm.

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Yield, quality, nutrient and water use efficiency of tomato as affected by different fertigation rates through drip irrigation system

Indian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.18805/ijare.a-4847 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Ankush . ◽

S.K. Sharma

Keyword(s):

Water Use Efficiency ◽

Water Use ◽

Drip Irrigation ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Foliar Spray ◽

Tomato Crop ◽

Urea Phosphate ◽

Use Efficiency ◽

Yield Quality ◽

The Impact

An experiment was carried out to study the impact of drip fertigation in tomato crop at RCA, MPUAT, Udaipur during rabi season 2015-16 in split plot designed with three irrigation schedules [100 (I1), 75 (I2) and 50% PE (I3) through drip] and five fertilization schedules [100% RDF (F1), 75% RDF (F2), 75% RDF + 2 foliar spray of 1% urea phosphate (F3), 50% RDF (F4), 50% RDF + 2 foliar spray of 1% urea phosphate (F5)]. Higher number of nodes per plant (21.20 and 19.89) and yield (169.03 and 186.38 q/ha) were registered with treatments receiving drip irrigation at 75% PE and 75% RDF through fertigation + 2 foliar spray of 1% urea phosphate, respectively. Quality characteristics were enhanced with combined use of I2F3 treatment. The highest water use efficiency i.e. 26.37 ka/ha-cm was recorded under I3F3 treatment and fertilizer use efficiency with I2F5 treatment combination (165.78, 254.31 and 381.46 kg/kg NPK, respectively).

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Influence of foliar spray with some calcium sources on flowering, fruit set, yield and fruit quality of olive Kalmata and Manzanillo cultivars under salt stress

Bulletin of the National Research Centre ◽

10.1186/s42269-020-00452-3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Eman S. El-Hady ◽

Mohamed A. Merwad ◽

Mohamed F. M. Shahin ◽

Laila F. Hagagg

Keyword(s):

Fruit Quality ◽

Fruit Set ◽

Saline Water ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Foliar Spray ◽

Sex Expression ◽

Olive Cultivars ◽

Calcium Source ◽

Olive Trees

Abstract Background This work was carried out through 2017 and 2018 seasons on Kalmata and Manzanillo olive cultivars. Trees were 15 years old, grown in sandy soil and planted at 5 × 5 m apart irrigated with saline water through drip irrigation system. This investigation aimed to improve flowering, fruit set, yield and fruit quality of the tow olive cultivars. Trees were sprayed with calcium at 0.5% as calcium chloride (21% Ca) and chelated calcium. Results The results revealed that there were significant differences with calcium source treatment regarding number of inflorescences/shoot, no. of total flowers/inflorescences, sex expression, initial fruit set, final fruit set (%) and yield/kg (tree) and decreasing fruit drop (%) of olive oil Kalmata and Manzanillo cultivars compared with unsprayed in both seasons. Conclusions Results proved that olive trees sprayed at the end of December with 0.5% calcium as chelated calcium was the promising treatment for good flowering, fruit set, yield and fruit quality.

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Capillary Mats for Maintenance of Plants in the Retail Nursery

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.18.2.250 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 250-255 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ursula K. Schuch ◽

Jack J. Kelly ◽

Trent Teegerstrom

Keyword(s):

Irrigation System ◽

Sprinkler Irrigation ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Well Water ◽

Water Application ◽

Overhead Irrigation ◽

Effective System ◽

Set Up ◽

True Alternative ◽

Overhead Sprinkler

Capillary mats and overhead sprinkler irrigation were used in a simulated retail environment to maintain annual and perennial plants in containers for various time periods during summer and winter. Combining the results from both seasons, four species with dense canopies had larger canopy sizes when maintained on the capillary mats, three species requiring more drainage had larger canopies with overhead irrigation, and five species were unaffected by irrigation systems. Substrate electrical conductivity was higher for some species in winter for plants on capillary mats, conserving fertilizer compared with overhead irrigation. Most species tolerated either irrigation system well. Water application was 71% less in summer and 62% less in winter to maintain plants on capillary mats compared with overhead irrigation. An economic analysis compared the investment required for setup and maintenance of plants in a retail situation using hand watering, overhead sprinkler, or capillary mat irrigation. The partial budget indicates that capillary mats are a labor-saving alternative to hand watering in a retail nursery and will compensate for the higher initial investment within less than 1 year. The overhead sprinklers are the most cost-effective system of the three because of less costly initial set-up and maintenance than the capillary mats; however, they are not a true alternative to hand watering in a retail situation because they interfere with customer traffic and worker activities.

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