Viral infections in cultured fish and shrimps: current status and treatment methods

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haimanti Mondal ◽  
Natarajan Chandrasekaran ◽  
Amitava Mukherjee ◽  
John Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Cultured Fish

scholarly journals Current Status of Zika Virus Vaccines: Successes and Challenges

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aryamav Pattnaik ◽  
Bikash R. Sahoo ◽  
Asit K. Pattnaik
Keyword(s):  
Zika Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Congenital Diseases ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Efficacy Trials ◽  
Nucleic Acid Vaccines ◽  
Funding Agencies ◽  
Inactivated Vaccines

The recently emerged Zika virus (ZIKV) spread to the Americas, causing a spectrum of congenital diseases including microcephaly in newborn and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) in adults. The unprecedented nature of the epidemic and serious diseases associated with the viral infections prompted the global research community to understand the immunopathogenic mechanisms of the virus and rapidly develop safe and efficacious vaccines. This has led to a number of ZIKV vaccine candidates that have shown significant promise in human clinical trials. These candidates include nucleic acid vaccines, inactivated vaccines, viral-vectored vaccines, and attenuated vaccines. Additionally, a number of vaccine candidates have been shown to protect animals in preclinical studies. However, as the epidemic has waned in the last three years, further development of the most promising vaccine candidates faces challenges in clinical efficacy trials, which is needed before a vaccine is brought to licensure. It is important that a coalition of government funding agencies and private sector companies is established to move forward with a safe and effective vaccine ready for deployment when the next ZIKV epidemic occurs.

scholarly journals Current status of major foodborne and waterborne viral infections and their prevention strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-241
Author(s):  
Ahmet Gökhan Coşkun ◽  
Ayşegül Demircioğlu ◽  
Seran Temelli ◽  
Ayşegül Eyigör
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Antiviral Compounds ◽  
Current Prevalence ◽  
Haccp System ◽  
Waterborne Viruses

Advances in diagnostic techniques and their widespread use for infectious agents revealed the considerably high current prevalence of viral agents in foodborne and waterborne diseases. Foodborne and waterborne viruses are indicated to cause not only gastroenteritis and hepatitis but also neurological disorders, respiratory tract diseases, myocarditis, glomerulonephritis and hemorrhagic fever, with a particularly high mortality rate in infants/children and in individuals with immune deficiency. Additionally, due to their resistance to environmental conditions and food processes compared to other microorganisms, elimination of these viruses by heat and high pressure applications, natural antiviral compounds, UV applications and conventional cleaning-disinfection remains difficult even inadequate. In protection from viral infections, vaccine applications together with GMP, GHP and HACCP system approaches in production seem to be the most effective approaches to ensure the minimization of viruses in food environment and in public. In this review article, up-to-date information is presented on the general characteristics and the diseases caused by enterotropic viruses; NoV, AstV, RoV, AdV and hepatotropic viruses; HAV and HEV, with a particularly high worldwide prevalence, as well as their epidemiology, prevention and their control measures.

scholarly journals An Overview of Live Attenuated Recombinant Pseudorabies Viruses for Use as Novel Vaccines

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Dong ◽  
Dante S. Zarlenga ◽  
Xiaofeng Ren
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Virus Propagation ◽  
Swine Virus ◽  
Double Stranded Dna ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Heterologous Antigens

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a double-stranded, DNA-based swine virus with a genome approximating 150 kb in size. PRV has many nonessential genes which can be replaced with genes encoding heterologous antigens but without deleterious effects on virus propagation. Recombinant PRVs expressing both native and foreign antigens are able to stimulate immune responses. In this paper, we review the current status of live attenuated recombinant PRVs and live PRV-based vector vaccines with potential for controlling viral infections in animals.

Vaccines for the prevention of respiratory viral infections: problems and current status

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 681-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wieslawa Olszewska ◽  
Rebecca Helson ◽  
Peter JM Openshaw
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections

scholarly journals Nucleic Acid Drugs—Current Status, Issues, and Expectations for Exosomes

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 5002
Author(s):  
Yoji Yamada
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Small Molecule ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Genetic Disorders ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
Lipid Nanoparticles ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Nucleic Acid Therapeutics ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

Nucleic acid drugs are being developed as novel therapeutic modalities. They have great potential to treat human diseases such as cancers, viral infections, and genetic disorders due to unique characteristics that make it possible to approach undruggable targets using classical small molecule or protein/antibody-based biologics. In this review, I describe the advantages, classification, and clinical status of nucleic acid therapeutics. To date, more than 10 products have been launched, and many products have been tested in clinics. To promote the use of nucleic acid therapeutics such as antibodies, several hurdles need to be surmounted. The most important issue is the delivery of nucleic acids and several other challenges have been reported. Recent advanced delivery platforms are lipid nanoparticles and ligand conjugation approaches. With the progress of exosome biology, exosomes are expected to contribute to the solution of various problems associated with nucleic acid drugs.

scholarly journals Infectious plant diseases: etiology, current status, problems and prospects in plant protection

Acta Naturae ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 46-59
Author(s):  
Pavel A. Nazarov ◽  
Dmitry N. Baleev ◽  
Maria I. Ivanova ◽  
Luybov M. Sokolova ◽  
Marina V. Karakozova
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
Total Plant

In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of diseases caused by bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. Infections affect plants at different stages of agricultural production. Depending on weather conditions and the phytosanitary condition of crops, the prevalence of diseases can reach 7080% of the total plant population, and the yield can decrease in some cases down to 8098%. Plants have innate cellular immunity, but specific phytopathogens have an ability to evade that immunity. This article examined phytopathogens of viral, fungal, and bacterial nature and explored the concepts of modern plant protection, methods of chemical, biological, and agrotechnical control, as well as modern methods used for identifying phytopathogens.

scholarly journals Lipid Nanoparticles as Carriers for RNAi against Viral Infections: Current Status and Future Perspectives

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josune Torrecilla ◽  
Alicia Rodríguez-Gascón ◽  
María Ángeles Solinís ◽  
Ana del Pozo-Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Lipid Nanoparticles ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Current Application ◽  
Relative Safety ◽  
Rnai Therapeutics

The efforts made to develop RNAi-based therapies have led to productive research in the field of infections in humans, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), herpetic keratitis, human papillomavirus, or influenza virus. Naked RNAi molecules are rapidly digested by nucleases in the serum, and due to their negative surface charge, entry into the cell cytoplasm is also hampered, which makes necessary the use of delivery systems to exploit the full potential of RNAi therapeutics. Lipid nanoparticles (LNP) represent one of the most widely used delivery systems forin vivoapplication of RNAi due to their relative safety and simplicity of production, joint with the enhanced payload and protection of encapsulated RNAs. Moreover, LNP may be functionalized to reach target cells, and they may be used to combine RNAi molecules with conventional drug substances to reduce resistance or improve efficiency. This review features the current application of LNP in RNAi mediated therapy against viral infections and aims to explore possible future lines of action in this field.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Current Status of Potyviruses in Watermelon and Pumpkin Crops in Spain: Epidemiological Impact of Cultivated Plants and Mixed Infections

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 138
Author(s):  
Celia De Moya-Ruiz ◽  
Pilar Rabadán ◽  
Miguel Juárez ◽  
Pedro Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Watermelon Mosaic Virus ◽  
Cdna Clones ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Cultivated Plant

Viral infections on cucurbit plants cause substantial quality and yield losses on their crops. The diseased plants can often be infected by multiple viruses, and their epidemiology may depend, in addition to the agro-ecological management practices, on the combination of these viral infections. Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) is one of the most prevalent viruses in cucurbit crops, and Moroccan watermelon mosaic virus (MWMV) emerged as a related species that threatens these crops. The occurrence of WMV and MWMV was monitored in a total of 196 apical-leaf samples of watermelon and pumpkin plants that displayed mosaic symptoms. The samples were collected from 49 fields in three major cucurbit-producing areas in Spain (Castilla La-Mancha, Alicante, and Murcia) for three consecutive (2018–2020) seasons. A molecular hybridization dot-blot method revealed that WMV was mainly (53%) found in both cultivated plants, with an unadvertised occurrence of MWMV. To determine the extent of cultivated plant species and mixed infections on viral dynamics, two infectious cDNA clones were constructed from a WMV isolate (MeWM7), and an MWMV isolate (ZuM10). Based on the full-length genomes, both isolates were grouped phylogenetically with the Emergent and European clades, respectively. Five-cucurbit plant species were infected steadily with either WMV or MWMV cDNA clones, showing variations on symptom expressions. Furthermore, the viral load varied depending on the plant species and infection type. In single infections, the WMV isolate showed a higher viral load than the MWMV isolate in melon and pumpkin, and MWMV only showed higher viral load than the WMV isolate in zucchini plants. However, in mixed infections, the viral load of the WMV isolate was greater than MWMV isolate in melon, watermelon and zucchini, whereas MWMV isolate was markedly reduced in zucchini. These results suggest that the impaired distribution of MWMV in cucurbit crops may be due to the cultivated plant species, in addition to the high prevalence of WMV.

scholarly journals CURRENT STATUS OF DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES IN THE ELDERLY

2021 ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Neck ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Elderly Women ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Femoral Neck Fractures ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Treatment Status ◽  
Treatment Plans

Femoral neck fractures are common fractures in the elderly, especially in elderly women. There are many mature treatment methods for femoral neck fractures. However, which option is better is still controversial. In order to allow clinicians to better develop treatment plans for elderly patients with femoral neck fractures, this article summarizes the diagnosis and treatment status of elderly femoral neck fractures from the aspects of epidemiology, etiology and diagnosis, treatment methods and progress of elderly femoral neck fractures.

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