Heritability × SES Interaction for IQ: Is it Present in US Adoption Studies?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Loehlin ◽  
Robin P. Corley ◽  
Chandra A. Reynolds ◽  
Sally J. Wadsworth
Keyword(s):  
Adoption Studies

Epidemiology and Genetics of OCD: A Review and Discussion of Future Directions for Research

CNS Spectrums ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald W. Black
Keyword(s):  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Care Utilization ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Adoption Studies ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Behavioral Treatments ◽  
New Research

AbstractThe author reviews both the epidemiology and the genetics of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). A relatively common disorder, OCD has an onset in late adolescence or early adulthood. Its gender distribution is nearly equal, although women are slightly more likely to develop the disorder. Usually chronic, OCD fluctuates depending on factors including the presence of depressed mood or stressful life events. OCD is associated with substantial psychiatric comorbidity, it affects quality of life, and it affects health care utilization. Many questions remain unanswered, such as whether its natural history has changed with the advent of effective therapies, and to what extent patients with OCD are disabled.There are no adoption studies of OCD, but reports of twins suggest greater monozygotic than dizygotic concordance. Family study results are not entirely consistent, probably because of differences in study methods, but tend to show that OCD is familial. They also show a genetic relationship to subclinical OCD and Tourette's syndrome. Molecular genetic studies are just getting under way. Important issues remain to be answered, including defining the extent of an OCD spectrum of disorders, and determining what constitutes an OCD phenotype.The author concludes by recommending that further studies on OCD involve samples from the general population rather than clinic- or hospital-based samples, which are inherently biased for severity.The past 15 years have been exciting for psychiatric researchers interested in the epidemiology and genetics of OCD. Combined with ongoing development of effective pharmacologic and behavioral treatments, new research in these areas has affected how physicians think about OCD, as well as how we clinically manage patients. More work needs to be done, as many important questions about both the epidemiology and genetics of OCD remain unanswered.

A Decade of Korean Adoption Studies

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-277
Author(s):  
Kim Park Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Adoption Studies ◽  
Korean Adoption

scholarly journals Farmer adoption of sustainable intensification technologies in the maize systems of the Global South. A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliot Jones-Garcia ◽  
Vijesh V. Krishna
Keyword(s):  
Global South ◽  
Sustainable Intensification ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Adoption Process ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Research Strategies ◽  
Adoption Studies ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Socioeconomic Analysis ◽  
Farmer Adoption

AbstractThis paper reviews the empirical literature on the determinants of farmer adoption of sustainable intensification technologies in maize agri-food systems of the Global South. The attributes of the technology and the dissemination institutions interact with farm/farmer-specific variables, leading to heterogeneous impacts, making the prediction of technology adoption challenging. However, most empirical studies oversimplify the adoption process and examine only the farm/farmer-specific variables as the determinants of adoption, thereby limiting the scope of learning on how the attributes of the technology and the dissemination system could have been altered to realize a more efficient and more inclusive technological change. We argue for a realignment of empirical adoption analysis for better implications through a conscious rejection of the assumption that the onus of technology performance rests solely with the farmer. Here we review the studies published between 2007 and 2018 on the adoption of sustainable intensification technologies in maize systems of the Global South to examine how the adoption models are currently dependent on the farm/farmer attributes vis-à-vis the attributes of technologies and disseminating institutions. The main findings from a synthesis of 137 adoption studies are threefold. (1) Limited information access and technologies not suitable for the small landholdings were the major constraints of farmer adoption of technologies. (2) The criticisms on the conventional adoption analysis concerning oversimplification and decontextualization of the decision-making process are reaffirmed. (3) The empirical adoption research needs to incorporate the attributes of technologies and the socio-institutional context to develop better research strategies toward inclusive agrarian development. We examine how the framework of the socioeconomic analysis can be reconstructed to facilitate the research and development (R&D) institutions to overcome the major hurdles of rapid and inclusive dissemination. Evaluation of the degree to which the attributes of technology favor its adoption requires increased research attention.

Adoption of improved cassava varieties in Nigeria: Insights from DNA fingerprinting versus self-reporting varietal identification approaches

2021 ◽  
pp. 003072702199003
Author(s):  
Patience Ifeyinwa Opata ◽  
Oguejiofor Joseph Okorie ◽  
Juliana Chinasa Iwuchukwu ◽  
Chukwuma Otum Ume ◽  
Oyakhilomen Oyinbo
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Adoption Studies ◽  
Hidden Hunger ◽  
Varietal Identification ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Cassava Varieties

Much of the empirical studies on crop varietal adoption in Sub-Saharan Africa relied on self-reported adoption in farm-household surveys, which is prone to measurement errors. In addition, farmers’ perceptions of consumption-related varietal traits in adoption studies has received limited attention compared with production-related traits. Using DNA-based and self-reported adoption measures, we analyze the adoption of improved cassava varieties (ICVs) with a focus on the extent of varietal misidentification, the sensitivity of the drivers of adoption to varietal misidentification and the role of farmers’ perceptions of biofortification trait in adoption decisions. We find that the adoption rate of ICVs is relatively high using both DNA-based and self-reported adoption measures, but there is notable misclassification in varietal adoption. We find that the mismatch in DNA-based and self-reported adoption measures leads to some variation in the factors that influence the likelihood and intensity of adoption of ICVs. This suggests that appropriate varietal identification helps in better understanding of the drivers of adoption. In addition, we find that despite the observed varietal misclassification, farmers’ perceptions of biofortification trait is significantly correlated with the probability and intensity of adoption of ICVs using both DNA-based and self-reported varietal identification. This suggests that inclusion of biofortification trait in cassava matters for both the likelihood and extent of adoption of ICVs. The latter lends credence to the emerging policy interests in breeding programs for biofortified crops to address hidden hunger in Nigeria.

scholarly journals Molecular genetics of bipolar disorder

2001 ◽  
Vol 178 (S41) ◽  
pp. s128-s133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Craddock ◽  
Ian Jones
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Candidate Gene ◽  
Molecular Genetics ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Dissection ◽  
Adoption Studies ◽  
Candidate Gene Association

BackgroundA robust body of evidence from family, twin and adoption studies demonstrates the importance of genes in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder. Recent advances in molecular genetics have made it possible to identify these susceptibility genes.AimsTo present an overview for clinical psychiatrists.MethodReview of current molecular genetics approaches and emerging findings.ResultsOccasional families may exist in which a single gene plays a major role in determining susceptibility, but the majority of bipolar disorder involves more complex genetic mechanisms such as the interaction of multiple genes and environmental factors. Molecular genetic positional and candidate gene approaches are being used for the genetic dissection of bipolar disorder. No gene has yet been identified but promising findings are emerging. Regions of interest include chromosomes 4p16, 12q23–q24, 16p13, 21q22, and Xq24–q26. Candidate gene association studies are in progress but no robust positive findings have yet emerged.ConclusionIt is almost certain that over the next few years the identification of bipolar susceptiblity genes will have a major impact on our understanding of disease pathophysiology. This is likely to lead to major improvements and treatment in patient care, but will also raise important ethical issues.

scholarly journals Enhancing Adoption Studies: The Case of Residential Stormwater Management Practices in the Midwest

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Won Shin ◽  
Laura McCann
Keyword(s):  
Stormwater Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Mail Survey ◽  
Rain Gardens ◽  
Adoption Studies ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Logistic Regressions ◽  
Rain Barrels ◽  
Stormwater Management Practices ◽  
Specific Barriers

This study explores factors affecting adoption of two stormwater management practices, rain gardens and rain barrels. Mail survey data from Columbia, Missouri indicate adoption rates of 3.12 percent (rain gardens) and 7.47 percent (rain barrels). This unique dataset enables us to distinguish among nonadopters using knowledge levels, and to investigate the effect of practice-specific barriers. Clustered multinomial logistic regressions reveal serious gardeners are more likely to adopt both practices. Specific barriers differ by practice and type of nonadopter. Adding practice-specific barriers increased pseudo R2 values from 0.12 to 0.22 for rain gardens and from 0.13 to 0.26 for rain barrels.

Modelling the adoption of sustainable procurement in construction organisations

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 461-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwaku Agbesi ◽  
Frank D. Fugar ◽  
Theophilus Adjei-Kumi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Process ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Adoption Process ◽  
Adoption Studies ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Adoption Decision ◽  
Sustainable Procurement ◽  
Top Managers ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Adoption Model

Purpose The adoption of sustainable procurement in construction clients’ organisation remains a difficult concept. Current research of sustainable procurement adoption studies fails to focus on a multi-stage adoption process. The purpose of this paper is to develop an organisational adoption model in a multi-stage process for the adoption of sustainable procurement in construction. Design/methodology/approach The paper developed an organisational adoption model. The model was tested against data obtained from survey administered to 193 respondents of central and local government institutions with a response rate of 63.7 per cent. Structural equation modelling using the partial least squares was employed to determine and confirm the factor structure of the model, and to measure the relationships between the model constructs. Findings An organisational adoption model is developed, tested and is robust to aid the adoption decision process of sustainable procurement within construction organisations. Research limitations/implications The study is limited in scope affecting generalisation of the results. Future study should expand the scope to include consultants, contractors and suppliers. Practical implications The adoption model will assist policy makers and top managers to understand the adoption decision process and prioritise on the technological, organisational and environmental factors that significantly affect sustainable adoption decision process within construction organisations. Originality/value This study appears to be among the first to empirically develop an organisational adoption model to aid the adoption of sustainable procurement in construction.

Agricultural Technology in the Developing World: A Meta-Analysis of the Adoption Literature

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sacha W. Ruzzante ◽  
Amy M. Bilton
Keyword(s):  
Developing World ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Technology ◽  
Predictor Variables ◽  
Adoption Studies ◽  
Agricultural Technologies ◽  
Extension Services ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Cast Doubt

Agricultural technology transfer to people in the developing world is a potentially powerful tool to raise productivity and improve livelihoods. Despite this, many technologies are not adopted by their intended beneficiaries. Qualitative studies have identified guidelines to follow in the design and dissemination of agricultural technology, but there has been comparatively little synthesis of quantitative studies of adoption. This study presents a meta-analysis of adoption studies of agricultural technologies in the developing world. The results confirm most earlier findings, but cast doubt on the importance of some classic predictors of adoption, such as education and landholding size. Contact with extension services and membership in farming associations are found to be the most important variables in predicting adoption. Attributes of the technologies are found to modify the relationships of predictor variables to adoption. Membership in farming associations and farmer experience are found to be positively linked to adoption in general, but for technologies that reduce labour the effect is amplified. The findings have potential implications for researchers, extension workers, and policy makers.

Rorschach Tests as a Diagnostic Tool in Adoption Studies

1951 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frieda M. Kuhlmann ◽  
Helen P. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Emotional Disturbances ◽  
Adoptive Parents ◽  
Test Material ◽  
Rorschach Test ◽  
Adoption Studies ◽  
Projective Test ◽  
Study Process ◽  
The Individual

The Rorschach test appears to be decidedly useful as a diagnostic tool. The test interpretations supply a concise picture of the individuals’ outstanding personality characteristics and the underlying dynamics of behavior. Adoption studies are completed with far greater understanding and certainty on the part of the caseworker than when subjective evaluation alone is relied upon. The most important factor to be looked for in adoption applicants is the ability to relate to other people. Not only does the inability to relate to others indicate a poor adoption risk, but it would also raise serious question as to the accessibility of the person to treatment or modification of personality trends during a period of supervision. Another area in which the Rorschach gives specific evidence difficult to obtain in the interview is that related to the individuals’ feelings of security and adequacy. In studying interview and test material there appears to be a dearth of evidence in the former and a wealth of findings in the latter as to the way in which individuals use their inner resources to maintain themselves. The Rorschach test is a valuable tool in pointing up defenses and in revealing the ego strengths of the individual who must deal with these problems. The projective test is also of great value in indicating marked deviations and emotional disturbances, particularly in the psychosexual sphere, which might have a destructive influence on the child. The test findings can help define the extent to which the individual accepts his own femininity or masculinity. The use of Rorschach tests is not a substitute for skilled casework, and, in fact, should only be used where such workers are available. The test itself is of value only when it is conducted by a highly trained and experienced Rorschach expert and when a psychiatrist is available for consultation. The trend in adoption practice is toward placement of babies soon after birth when this plan appears sound so far as the natural mother is concerned. This implies additional risk as well as additional satisfaction for adoptive parents. It insures more security for a child. In view of this trend agencies are faced with the need to select couples with maximum surety as to their potentialities as parents. This use of Rorschach tests as a diagnostic tool is a step in that direction. Its results so far point to many other areas for research. Perhaps the findings of such additional research projects are the only means of proving the soundness of the study process used in this experiment.

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