Passerine introductions to New Zealand support a positive effect of propagule pressure on establishment success

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 2189-2199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim M. Blackburn ◽  
Thomas A. A. Prowse ◽  
Julie L. Lockwood ◽  
Phillip Cassey
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Propagule Pressure ◽  
Establishment Success ◽  
Positive Effect

scholarly journals ALIMENTACION DE CONEJOS DE LEVANTE CON DIETAS EN MATERIAS PRIMAS NO CONVENCIONALES LAUREL, TOMILLO Y ZANAHORIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-63
Author(s):  
Efrén G. Insuasty-Santacruz ◽  
Mary J. Hidalgo ◽  
Byron D. Villota ◽  
Johnatan J. Mora ◽  
Maria P. Rosero
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Daucus Carota ◽  
Oryctolagus Cuniculus ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
White Bread ◽  
Aromatic Species ◽  
The Village ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Aromatic Herbs

Con el objetivo de determinar el efecto que tiene la inclusión de plantas aromáticas como aditivo en la alimentación de conejos en fase de levante, se evaluó las características organolépticas y productivas, en la granja conejar Santa Clara, ubicada en la vereda Santa Clara, corregimiento de El Encano, municipio de Pasto. Se trabajó con ocho animales en la etapa de crecimiento de la raza Nueva Zelanda blanco, escogidos al azar. Se aplicó cuatro tratamientos: T0 = forraje + concentrado, T1 = forraje + concentrado + tomillo (Thymus vulgaris), T2 = forraje + concentrado + laurel (Morella pubescens) y T3 = forraje +  zanahoria (Daucus carota). Se encontró diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos (p<0,05), resultando el tratamiento T3 con mayor ganancia de peso (17,86 g/día). El presente estudio demuestra el efecto positivo de las especies aromáticas, en especial el tomillo (T. vulgaris) en la alimentación de conejos, de igual manera, el  efecto en  las características organolépticas en la canal del conejo, convirtiéndose  en una alternativa forrajera importante para los productores en cuanto a la producción y comercialización de carne de conejo. Palabras Claves: plantas aromáticas, Oryctolagus cuniculus, levante, comercialización FEADING OF LEVANT RABBITS WITH DIETS IN NON CONVENTIONAL RAWMATERIALS, BAY LEAF, THYME AND CARROTABSTRACTWith the objective of determining the effect that has the inclusion of aromatic herbs as an additive in the diet of levant rabbits, were evaluated organoleptic and productive characteristics, in Santa Clara rabbit farm, located in the village of Santa Clara, corregimiento of El Encano, municipality of Pasto. We worked with eight animals at the groeth stage of New Zealand White bread, randomly selected. Four treatments were applied: T0 = grass + concentrate feed, T1 = grass + concentrate feed + thyme (Thymus vulgaris), T2 = grass + concentrate feed + laurel (Morella pubescens) and T3 = grass + carrot (Daucus carota). Significant differences between treatments (p<0.05) were found, resulting T3 treatment with greater weight gain (17.86 g/day). The present study shows the positive effect of this aromatic species, especially the thyme (Thymus vulgaris) in the feeding of rabbits, of equal way, the effect of the organoleptic features in the channel of the rabbit, this convert them in an alternative forage important for the producers in production and marketing of meat rabbit.

Global assessment of establishment success for amphibian and reptile invaders

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo B. Ferreira ◽  
Colin M. Callahan ◽  
Sharon A. Poessel ◽  
Karen H. Beard
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Global Assessment ◽  
Propagule Pressure ◽  
High Likelihood ◽  
Additional Insight ◽  
Climate Matching ◽  
Establishment Success ◽  
The World ◽  
Tens Rule ◽  
Insight Into

Context According to the tens rule, 10% of introduced species establish themselves. Aims We tested this component of the tens rule for amphibians and reptiles globally, in Europe and North America, where data are presumably of good quality, and on islands versus continents. We also tested whether there was a taxonomic difference in establishment success between amphibians and reptiles. Methods We examined data comprising 206 successful and 165 failed introduction records for 161 species of amphibians to 55 locations, and 560 successful and 641 failed introduction records for 469 species of reptiles to 116 locations around the world. Key results Globally, establishment success was not different between amphibians (67%) and reptiles (62%). Both means were well above the 10% value predicted by the tens rule. In Europe and North America, establishment success was lower, although still higher than 10%. For reptiles, establishment success was higher on islands than on continents. Our results question the tens rule and do not show taxonomic differences in establishment success. Implications Similar to studies on other taxa (birds and mammals), we found that establishment success was generally above 40%. This suggests that we should focus management on reducing the number of herptile species introduced because both reptiles and amphibians have a high likelihood of establishing. As data collection on invasions continue, testing establishment success in light of other factors, including propagule pressure, climate matching and taxonomic classifications, may provide additional insight into which species are most likely to establish in particular areas.

Historical records of passerine introductions to New Zealand fail to support the propagule pressure hypothesis

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 297-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Moulton ◽  
Wendell P. Cropper ◽  
Michael L. Avery
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Propagule Pressure ◽  
Historical Records

Propagule pressure as a driver of establishment success in deliberately introduced exotic species: fact or artefact?

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 1459-1469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim M. Blackburn ◽  
Thomas A. A. Prowse ◽  
Julie L. Lockwood ◽  
Phillip Cassey
Keyword(s):  
Exotic Species ◽  
Propagule Pressure ◽  
Establishment Success

scholarly journals Exotic Reptiles in the Pet Trade: Are They a Threat to New Zealand?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Kristina Heidy Kikillus
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Propagule Pressure ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Physiological Models ◽  
Thermal Requirements ◽  
Survival Sex ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Soil Measurements

<p>Worldwide, invasive species are associated with severe ecological and economic impacts. As a group, reptiles are very successful invaders and in some areas where they have established they are responsible for the decline of native fauna and economic disruptions, whilst also posing a threat to human health. Due to its biogeographical isolation and unique evolutionary history, New Zealand is highly susceptible to invasive species. Importation of reptiles into New Zealand is illegal, however over a dozen species of exotic reptile are legally present in captivity and their risk of establishment is unknown. This study investigates their establishment potential and possible impacts by considering 1) the amount of trade and propagule pressure of species, 2) the degree of climate match between their native range and New Zealand, 3) areas that may be suitable for establishment based on physiological models of incubation and development, 4) their ability to transfer pathogens to native fauna and humans, and 5) overall establishment risk. The red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans; RES) is the most common and easily obtained exotic reptile pet in New Zealand, with over 800 sales per annum. The RES is also the species most regularly released into the wild. Climate matching models in this study were developed to minimise false-negative predictions, to generate a suitability score irrespective of the prevalence of species records (allowing species to be easily compared to one another), and incorporated a weighted multimodel average prediction based on the relative importance of climatic variables to each species. These correlative models indicated that the blotched blue-tongue skink (Tiliqua nigrolutea) had the highest degree of climate match with parts of New Zealand, while the common blue-tongue skink (T. scincoides) had the highest proportion of land area predicted to be suitable for establishment. The other 10 species generally had both low climate match scores and limited areas within New Zealand predicted to be suitable. Mechanistic models focus upon environmental influences on physiological processes of a species, such as development and growth. Degree-day models, combined with soil measurements in potential reptile nesting sites in New Zealand, were utilised to determine if environmental conditions were suitable for the successful reproduction of oviparous exotic reptiles. These models predicted that the New Zealand environment meets the minimum thermal requirements for the incubation of eggs of RES, snake-neck turtles (Chelodina longicollis), and Reeves turtles (Chinemys reevesii). While prevalence of Salmonella in exotic reptiles is higher than that of native reptiles, it is considerably lower than that of exotic reptiles overseas. All serovars identified in this study had been previously reported both in humans and reptiles in New Zealand. The overall risk assessment for 12 species of exotic reptile kept in captivity in New Zealand indicates that blotched blue-tongue skinks and RES pose the highest establishment risk. Blotched blue-tongue skinks are allegedly only present in zoos. Therefore, based on propagule pressure, RES pose the highest establishment risk and efforts should focus on minimising release events and removing feral individuals from the New Zealand environment. In summary, at least eight species of exotic reptile legally traded within New Zealand are predicted to be capable of surviving in a portion of the New Zealand environment and at least three species have the potential to successfully breed in warmer microclimates. However, further research involving climatic tolerances and breeding potential (i.e., soil moisture content, juvenile survival, sex ratio, and predicted climate change) is recommended. Public education and possible regulations imposed on the New Zealand exotic reptile trade may prevent introductions of these species into the local environment and still allow selected species to be enjoyed by the New Zealand public. The methods developed in this study may be easily applied to other species and other geographic regions, allowing investigation into the establishment risk of alien species. This may help guide control and management efforts and help stem the tide of the growing problem of invasive species.</p>

scholarly journals Inconsistencies among secondary sources of chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar) introductions to the United States

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P Moulton ◽  
Wendell P Cropper, Jr ◽  
Andrew J Broz
Keyword(s):  
Propagule Pressure ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Establishment Success ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Alectoris Chukar ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Species Characteristics ◽  
Chukar Partridge

An important source of information concerning the fates of intentionally introduced exotic bird species has been collections of historical data that sometimes include species released, numbers released, locations of release, and establishment success. These data have been used to assess potential predictors of establishment success such as propagule pressure, site-level factors, and species characteristics. In order to better understand the limitations of such historical compilations, we compared data for the Chukar (Alectoris chukar) introductions to the USA from two often used compilations and from other sources associated with Chukar introduction programs. We found the major compilations of Long (1981) and Lever (1987) are inconsistent and likely to be incomplete, and inaccurate, in terms of the taxa introduced, the numbers introduced, and the fates of these introductions. Propagule pressure analyses have often assumed that every bird in every release must be summed to represent the propagule pressure necessary for establishment. We found, however, that large numbers of birds were released into states and counties with already established populations. Additionally, in numerous states very large numbers of Chukars were unsuccessfully released. We conclude that site-level factors were more important influences of establishment success than propagule pressure was.

scholarly journals Optimising production of carrot hairy roots

2004 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 77-80
Author(s):  
H.J. Ridgway ◽  
J. Kandula ◽  
A. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Hairy Root ◽  
Hairy Roots ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Monoxenic Culture ◽  
Carrot Root ◽  
Positive Effect

This research describes the production of carrot hairy roots for monoxenic culture of New Zealand arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Induction of hairy roots on mature carrot root sections was carried out using Agrobacterium rhizogenes isolate A4T that had been grown in either LauriaBertani (/ acetosyringone) or Yeast Mannitol medium (24 or 48 h incubation) Results showed both methods could initiate hairy root production The source of the carrots was one of the most important factors with mature freshly harvested carrots showing better hairy root production compared to coolstored carrots Dissection of the cortex to expose the cambium had a positive effect on the least optimal treatment

scholarly journals Japanese Garden Houses: Strategies for creating an interface with nature in New Zealand's urban dwellings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Erin Shillington
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Design Principles ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
City Councils ◽  
Japanese Garden ◽  
Spatial Entity ◽  
Typical Design ◽  
Positive Effect

<p>New Zealanders have a proud tradition of living close to nature (clean and green). This high interface with nature in traditional New Zealand dwellings is referred to as the “quarter-acre dream” by Mitchell (1972). However, the recent intensification of New Zealand cities has resulted in higher-density, multi-unit dwellings that have little interface with nature. As Auckland alone is expected to require an additional 400,000 homes within the next 30 years, a medium-density housing model that has a high nature-dwelling interface is potentially useful in reducing urban sprawl.  In contrast, many Japanese houses are effectively integrated with nature. The number of case studies available through books, journals and on websites suggests that it is possible to group these dwellings under the heading “garden houses”. For the purpose of this research, the term “Japanese Garden House” refers to Japanese houses in which the garden is an integral part of the architecture, as opposed to a separate spatial entity.  New Zealand walk-up apartments are analysed to show how this New Zealand housing model relates to nature in addition to revealing typical design elements. Thereafter, the adaptation of the Japanese Garden House for the New Zealand context is proposed as a mechanism to further connect urban dwellings with nature, thus increasing the interface between nature and inhabited space. The significant benefits this mechanism provides, including a positive effect on psychological and physiological wellbeing, are discussed. In order to adapt the features of Japanese Garden Houses to the New Zealand context, a detailed analysis of Japanese Garden Houses is undertaken to reveal design principles and strategies that characterise this type of dwelling. The analysis is limited to houses built in the last 15 years.  An investigation, through design, is carried out to determine whether the Japanese Garden House models could be used to reconnect walk-up apartments with nature. The investigation is tested on a typical Auckland site. In a case study design, principles and strategies discovered through analysis of Japanese Garden Houses are applied and, adapted to fit walk-up apartments and the New Zealand context. The outcome is a valuable new New Zealand housing model and a set of guidelines presented as a matrix including key principles, strategies and a menu of solutions with the potential to be applied more broadly by other architects, developers and city councils.</p>

scholarly journals Timing between successive introduction events determines establishment success in bacteria with an Allee effect

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1902) ◽  
pp. 20190598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Dressler ◽  
Josue Conde ◽  
Omar Tonsi Eldakar ◽  
Robert P. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Allee Effect ◽  
Propagule Pressure ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Invasion Biology ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Establishment Success ◽  
Propagule Size ◽  
Population Establishment ◽  
Principal Parts

Propagule pressure is a leading determinant of population establishment. Yet, an experimental understanding of how propagule size and number (two principal parts of propagule pressure) determine establishment success remains incomplete. Theoretical studies suggest that the timing between introduction events, a component of propagule number, can influence establishment success. However, this dynamic has rarely been explored experimentally. Using Escherichia coli engineered with an Allee effect, we investigated how the timing of two introduction events influences establishment. For populations introduced below the Allee threshold, establishment occurred if the time between two introduction events was sufficiently short, with the length of time between events further reduced by reducing growth rate. Interestingly, we observed that as the density of bacteria introduced in one introduction event increased, the time between introduction events that allowed for establishment increased. Using a mathematical model, we provide support that the mechanism behind these trends is the ability of the first population to modify the environment, which can pave the way for establishment of the second population. Our results provide experimental evidence that the temporal distribution of introduction events regulates establishment, furthering our understanding of propagule pressure and may have implications in invasion biology and infectious disease.

scholarly journals Disturbance affects short-term facilitation, but not long-term saturation, of exotic plant invasion in New Zealand forest

2010 ◽  
Vol 278 (1711) ◽  
pp. 1457-1466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura A. Spence ◽  
Joshua V. Ross ◽  
Susan K. Wiser ◽  
Robert B. Allen ◽  
David A. Coomes
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Propagule Pressure ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Exotic Plant Invasion ◽  
Propagule Supply ◽  
Markov Chain Models ◽  
Canopy Disturbance ◽  
Using Data

We investigate the spread of an exotic herb, Hieracium lepidulum , into a New Zealand Nothofagus forest with the aim of understanding how stand-development of tree populations, propagule pressure and invader persistence, affect invasion across the landscape and within communities. Using data repeatedly collected over 35 years, from 250 locations, we parametrize continuous-time Markov chain models and use these models to examine future projections of the invasion under a range of hypothetical scenarios. We found that the probability of invasion into a stand was relatively high following canopy disturbance and that local abundance of Hieracium was promoted by minor disturbances. However, model predictions extrapolated 45 years into the future show that neither the rate of landscape-level invasion, nor local population growth of Hieracium , was affected much by changing the frequency of canopy disturbance events. Instead, invasion levels were strongly affected by the ability of Hieracium to persist in the understorey following forest canopy closure, and by propagule supply from streams, forest edges and plants already established within the stand. Our results show that disturbance frequency has surprisingly little influence on the long-term trajectory of invasion, while invader persistence strongly determines invasion patterns.

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