scholarly journals Indigenous People, Organized Crime and Natural Resources: Borders, Incentives and Relations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daan P. van Uhm ◽  
Ana G. Grigore
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Environmental Harm ◽  
Criminological Perspective ◽  
History Of ◽  
Organized Crime Groups ◽  
Criminal Groups

AbstractThis article explores the relationship between the Emberá–Wounaan and Akha Indigenous people and organized crime groups vying for control over natural resources in the Darién Gap of East Panama and West Colombia and the Golden Triangle (the area where the borders of Laos, Myanmar (Burma), and Thailand meet), respectively. From a southern green criminological perspective, we consider how organized crime groups trading in natural resources value Indigenous knowledge. We also examine the continued victimization of Indigenous people in relation to environmental harm and the tension between Indigenous peoples’ ecocentric values and the economic incentives presented to them for exploiting nature. By looking at the history of the coloniality and the socioeconomic context of these Indigenous communities, this article generates a discussion about the social framing of the Indigenous people as both victims and offenders in the illegal trade in natural resources, particularly considering the types of relationships established with dominant criminal groups present in their ancestral lands.

scholarly journals The convergence of environmental crime with other serious crimes: Subtypes within the environmental crime continuum

2020 ◽  
pp. 147737082090458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daan P. van Uhm ◽  
Rick C.C. Nijman
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Environmental Crime ◽  
Cluster Solution ◽  
Illegal Trade ◽  
Tropical Timber ◽  
Criminal Organizations ◽  
Organized Crime Groups ◽  
Criminal Groups ◽  
High Degree

The rising global scarcity of natural resources increasingly attracts transnational criminal organizations. Organized crime syndicates diversify into the lucrative business of tropical timber, endangered species, and natural minerals, alongside their traditional activities. The developing interconnectedness between environmental crime and other serious crimes shows that traditional lines of separation are no longer appropriate for understanding and dealing with the increasing complexities of organized crime. Therefore, this article aims to analyse the nexus between environmental crime and other serious crimes through cluster analyses to identify subtypes of organized crime groups that have diversified into the illegal trade in natural resources. The two-step cluster algorithm found a cluster solution with three distinct clusters of subtypes of criminal groups that diversified into the illegal trade in natural resources in various ways: first, the Green Organized Crime cluster, with a high degree of diversification and domination; second, the Green Opportunistic Crime cluster, with flexible and fluid groups that partially diversify their criminal activities; and, third, the low-level diversifiers of the Green Camouflaged Crime cluster, shadowing their illegal businesses with legitimate companies. The three clusters can be related to specific stages within the environmental crime continuum, albeit with nuances.

The Challenges in Dealing with Organized Crime and its Consequences in Modern Societies in Albania, Kosovo and Macedonia – the Balkan Peninsula

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Bashkim Selmani ◽  
Bekim Maksuti
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Balkan Peninsula ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
The Public ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
European Standards ◽  
Organized Crime Groups ◽  
Further Development

The profound changes within the Albanian society, including Albania, Kosovo and Macedonia, before and after they proclaimed independence (in exception of Albania), with the establishment of the parliamentary system resulted in mass spread social negative consequences such as crime, drugs, prostitution, child beggars on the street etc. As a result of these occurred circumstances emerged a substantial need for changes within the legal system in order to meet and achieve the European standards or behaviors and the need for adoption of many laws imported from abroad, but without actually reading the factual situation of the psycho-economic position of the citizens and the consequences of the peoples’ occupations without proper compensation, as a remedy for the victims of war or peace in these countries. The sad truth is that the perpetrators not only weren’t sanctioned, but these regions remained an untouched haven for further development of criminal activities, be it from the public state officials through property privatization or in the private field. The organized crime groups, almost in all cases, are perceived by the human mind as “Mafia” and it is a fact that this cannot be denied easily. The widely spread term “Mafia” is mostly known around the world to define criminal organizations.The Balkan Peninsula is highly involved in these illegal groups of organized crime whose practice of criminal activities is largely extended through the Balkan countries such as Kosovo, Albania, Macedonia, Serbia, Bosnia, Croatia, Montenegro, etc. Many factors contributed to these strategic countries to be part of these types of activities. In general, some of the countries have been affected more specifically, but in all of the abovementioned countries organized crime has affected all areas of life, leaving a black mark in the history of these states.

scholarly journals Organized Crime in Europe

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricco Koslowski
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Transnational Organized Crime ◽  
Future Evolution ◽  
Organized Crime Groups ◽  
Criminal Groups ◽  
Insight Into

The study introduces the current situation in connection with organized criminal groups in Europe. By differentiation of their specific characteristics, the activity of terrorist and organized crime groups in Europe are presented. The author provides some insight into the activity of the currently working organized crime groups through the assessment of the activity of transnational organized crime groups. In the forecast of future evolution of organized crime, the author emphasizes the importance of regular cooperation at national and international, as well as inside and outside of the competent organizations.

scholarly journals A New State of Organized Crime

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Davina Shanti
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
The United States ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Organized Crime Groups ◽  
Criminal Groups ◽  
New Research

Organized crime is often associated with traditional criminal groups, such as the mafia or outlaw motorcycle gangs; however, new research suggests that cybercrime is emerging as a new branch of organized crime. This paper is focused on the changing nature of organized crime and the factors that influence this shift, particularly in the online space. It will address the question: Can the law identify cybercrime as organized crime? The results of this paper are informed by an in-depth analysis of peer-reviewed articles from Canada, the United States (US), and Europe. This paper concludes that cybercrime groups are structured and operate similarly to traditional organized crime groups and should, therefore, be classified as a part of traditional organized crime; however, cybercrime groups are capable of conducting illicit activities that surpass those typically associated with traditional organized crime. This shift suggests that these groups may represent a larger threat creating a new challenge for law enforcement agencies.

Mexico’s Living Dead

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa-Linda Fregoso
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
The State ◽  
Crimes Against Humanity ◽  
Social Violence ◽  
Living Dead ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Organized Crime Groups ◽  
The Impact

In September 2014, I was as a judge for the Hearing on Feminicide and Gender Violences organized by the Permanent People’s Tribunal in Chihuahua, Mexico. Although the levels of social violence and insecurity have touched the lives of everyone, the impact has been most devastating for women. For three days we heard testimonies from victims of feminicide, disappearances and trafficking, structural violence, forced exile, domestic violence, sexual violence, and persecution as human-rights defenders. We heard repeated references to the police’s and military’s long history of violating human rights with impunity, to the complicity of the state authorities with organized crime, to cartel infiltration at all levels of government, to a <i>narco-maquina</i> (narco-machine) currently ruling Mexico. It became exceedingly difficult to determine whether it was agents of the state or organized crime groups that were perpetrating these crimes against humanity.  

Genesis of ethno-confessional organized criminal formations in Russia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruslan Ahmedov ◽  
Ekaterina Voyde ◽  
Damir Ahmedov ◽  
Evgeniya Manuilova
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Primary Task ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Organized Crime Groups

The article is devoted to the study of the genesis of ethno-confessional organized crime groups in Russia. The characteristic features of such groups, their tasks and goals are considered. The reasons and history of the emergence of the first criminal ethno-confessional organizations in Russia. The relevance of the problem in the modern period of time. And also, it was concluded that at present, the primary task of the legislator should be the initiative to revise regulatory legal acts, expand the legal framework, in order to counteract this kind of negative social manifestations, taking into account the specifics of the development of modern religious organized crime groups.

Neoextractivism and Indigenous Water Ritual in Salar de Atacama, Chile

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 170-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Babidge ◽  
Paola Bolados
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Cultural Practice ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Northern Chile ◽  
Local Responses

Latin American governments are neoextractivist: they promote exploitation of natural resources as central to economic development while acting to mitigate some of the excesses of extractive activity. In the space left open by the neoliberal state in the Salar de Atacama in northern Chile, the mining industry creates its own regulatory mechanisms and provides infrastructure and “improvement” projects to indigenous communities. While these projects gain a degree of consent to water extraction and the value of water for development, indigenous people also resist the neoextractivist project. The contradictions of extractivism-as-development are evident in everyday life and articulated in ritual and cultural practice. We take the example of a ritual and work event, the limpia de canales (canal cleaning), to narrate something of local responses to neoextractivist conditions. Los gobiernos latinoamericanos son neoextractivistas: promueven la explotación de los recursos naturales como elemento central del desarrollo económico y al mismo tiempo actúan para mitigar algunos de los excesos de la actividad extractiva. En el espacio abandonado por el estado neoliberal en el Salar de Atacama en el norte de Chile, la industria minera crea sus propios mecanismos regulatorios y proporciona infraestructura y proyectos de “mejora” a las comunidades indígenas. Si bien estos proyectos obtienen un grado de consentimiento para la extracción de agua y el valor del agua para el desarrollo, los pueblos indígenas también se resisten al proyecto neoextractivista. Las contradicciones del extractivismo como desarrollo son evidentes en la vida cotidiana y se articulan en la práctica ritual y cultural. Tomamos el ejemplo de un evento ritual y laboral, la limpia de canales, para narrar algo de las respuestas locales a las condiciones neoextractivistas.

scholarly journals “Somos Amazonía,” a New Inter-indigenous Identity in the Ecuadorian Amazonia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Saqalli ◽  
Eva Béguet ◽  
Nicolas Maestripieri ◽  
Lucie Morin ◽  
Ferran Cabrero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous People ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Indigenous Identity ◽  
Ecuadorian Amazon ◽  
History Of

The double colonization of the Northern Ecuadorian Amazon, coming from the Southern Amazon but mainly from the Coast and Sierra, has multiplied perceptions, rights, and management methods in this territory. This article explores these differences and reconstructs the history of this colonization and the rights of access to land, which are private for the colonos (settlers) and communal for the indígenas (indigenous people). These legally differentiated groups are similar in their perception of the territory and their socioeconomic and environmental limitations: most agricultural products are not profitable. Between the growing metropolises and the remaining forest, the countryside is slowly shrinking. Communities are appearing that combine indigenous people and settlers and that copy the indigenous communities’ rights and practices. However, this communal right is acquired for the Amazonian groups but not for others, indígenas or colonos, defining de facto a jus aplidia, along with jus soli and jus sanguinis.

The Black Mafia

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Lombardo
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Black Migration ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Role ◽  
American Society ◽  
Organized Crime Groups ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter explores the historical role of African Americans in organized crime in Chicago. It begins with a brief overview of black migration and settlement in Chicago in order to elucidate the relationship between the city's black community and the larger political, economic, and social organization. It then traces the history of the ethnic vice industry that flourished in Chicago's African American community during the first half of the twentieth century. It also considers how policy gambling—a lottery gambling system in which players wagered a small sum of money on a combination of three numbers—became the most important form of vice activity in Chicago's black South Side, citing the role played by three men: Patsy King, King Foo, and Sam Young. The chapter argues that sophisticated African American organized crime groups existed in Chicago independent of white organized crime largely because of the segregated nature of American society. African American organized crime did not follow Italian organized crime but existed alongside Irish and Italian groups from the first days of syndicated vice.

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