scholarly journals The convergence of environmental crime with other serious crimes: Subtypes within the environmental crime continuum

2020 ◽  
pp. 147737082090458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daan P. van Uhm ◽  
Rick C.C. Nijman
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Environmental Crime ◽  
Cluster Solution ◽  
Illegal Trade ◽  
Tropical Timber ◽  
Criminal Organizations ◽  
Organized Crime Groups ◽  
Criminal Groups ◽  
High Degree

The rising global scarcity of natural resources increasingly attracts transnational criminal organizations. Organized crime syndicates diversify into the lucrative business of tropical timber, endangered species, and natural minerals, alongside their traditional activities. The developing interconnectedness between environmental crime and other serious crimes shows that traditional lines of separation are no longer appropriate for understanding and dealing with the increasing complexities of organized crime. Therefore, this article aims to analyse the nexus between environmental crime and other serious crimes through cluster analyses to identify subtypes of organized crime groups that have diversified into the illegal trade in natural resources. The two-step cluster algorithm found a cluster solution with three distinct clusters of subtypes of criminal groups that diversified into the illegal trade in natural resources in various ways: first, the Green Organized Crime cluster, with a high degree of diversification and domination; second, the Green Opportunistic Crime cluster, with flexible and fluid groups that partially diversify their criminal activities; and, third, the low-level diversifiers of the Green Camouflaged Crime cluster, shadowing their illegal businesses with legitimate companies. The three clusters can be related to specific stages within the environmental crime continuum, albeit with nuances.

scholarly journals Indigenous People, Organized Crime and Natural Resources: Borders, Incentives and Relations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daan P. van Uhm ◽  
Ana G. Grigore
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Environmental Harm ◽  
Criminological Perspective ◽  
History Of ◽  
Organized Crime Groups ◽  
Criminal Groups

AbstractThis article explores the relationship between the Emberá–Wounaan and Akha Indigenous people and organized crime groups vying for control over natural resources in the Darién Gap of East Panama and West Colombia and the Golden Triangle (the area where the borders of Laos, Myanmar (Burma), and Thailand meet), respectively. From a southern green criminological perspective, we consider how organized crime groups trading in natural resources value Indigenous knowledge. We also examine the continued victimization of Indigenous people in relation to environmental harm and the tension between Indigenous peoples’ ecocentric values and the economic incentives presented to them for exploiting nature. By looking at the history of the coloniality and the socioeconomic context of these Indigenous communities, this article generates a discussion about the social framing of the Indigenous people as both victims and offenders in the illegal trade in natural resources, particularly considering the types of relationships established with dominant criminal groups present in their ancestral lands.

BASIC PROSTITUTION ORGANIZATIONS TYPES

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 2091-2100
Author(s):  
Venelin Terziev ◽  
Hristo Bonev
Keyword(s):  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Hierarchical Structures ◽  
System Management ◽  
Criminal Organizations ◽  
Organized Crime Groups ◽  
Sexual Services

This article outlines the three main prostitution organization types as well as hierarchical structures in criminal organizations dealing with human trafficking, prostitution and sexual exploitation. Several major categories of personages are directly involved in organized crime groups. The main indicators for assessing the prostitution prevention are defined and the principles for system management and management are justified. The three factors of prostitution management - psychological, social and financial - are outlined. An evaluation of the prostitution market has been carried out and the functions of the domestic and external markets for paid sex are described. The data provided gives us a reason to assume that the consumption of sexual services is increasing.

scholarly journals Organized Crime in Europe

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricco Koslowski
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Transnational Organized Crime ◽  
Future Evolution ◽  
Organized Crime Groups ◽  
Criminal Groups ◽  
Insight Into

The study introduces the current situation in connection with organized criminal groups in Europe. By differentiation of their specific characteristics, the activity of terrorist and organized crime groups in Europe are presented. The author provides some insight into the activity of the currently working organized crime groups through the assessment of the activity of transnational organized crime groups. In the forecast of future evolution of organized crime, the author emphasizes the importance of regular cooperation at national and international, as well as inside and outside of the competent organizations.

scholarly journals A New State of Organized Crime

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Davina Shanti
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
The United States ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Organized Crime Groups ◽  
Criminal Groups ◽  
New Research

Organized crime is often associated with traditional criminal groups, such as the mafia or outlaw motorcycle gangs; however, new research suggests that cybercrime is emerging as a new branch of organized crime. This paper is focused on the changing nature of organized crime and the factors that influence this shift, particularly in the online space. It will address the question: Can the law identify cybercrime as organized crime? The results of this paper are informed by an in-depth analysis of peer-reviewed articles from Canada, the United States (US), and Europe. This paper concludes that cybercrime groups are structured and operate similarly to traditional organized crime groups and should, therefore, be classified as a part of traditional organized crime; however, cybercrime groups are capable of conducting illicit activities that surpass those typically associated with traditional organized crime. This shift suggests that these groups may represent a larger threat creating a new challenge for law enforcement agencies.

Transnational Cybercrime

2020 ◽  
pp. 108-128
Author(s):  
Barbara Jane Holland
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Drug Trafficking ◽  
Transnational Crime ◽  
Financial Information ◽  
Criminal Networks ◽  
Criminal Organizations ◽  
Individual Segment ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Organized Crime Groups

Organized crime groups are involved in all kinds of transnational crimes. Lawbreakers can victimize people in other countries through international scams and cyber theft of financial information. Moreover, much of the harm from transnational crimes stems from activities of formal criminal organizations or criminal networks that connect individuals and organizations who undertake specific criminal acts together. According to the United Nations, annual proceeds from transnationally organized crime activities amount to more than $870 billion dollars with drug trafficking producing the largest individual segment of that total amount. One of the most difficult forms of transnational crime to combat is cybercrime. This article will review transnational cybercrime and it's technology.

scholarly journals Current requirements and state realities of combating organized crime

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-216
Author(s):  
Ihor Pyrih ◽  
Serhii Prokopov ◽  
Denys Vodopyan
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
The Body ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Power Structures ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Criminal Organizations ◽  
Criminal Groups ◽  
National Police

The article describes in detail the concept of professional crime, it’s devastating impact on Ukraine's democracy, and offers suggestions on ways to identify, prevent, and stop professional crimes. The importance of the operational units of the National Police of Ukraine in the fight against professional crime in the current conditions of law enforcement reform is considered, the problems of the legislative and practical significance of the units of the criminal police are described. The modern legislation which defines the general principles and tactics of combating professional crime is analyzed and proposals for its im-provement are made. Attention is drawn to the fact that, in recent times, the danger is not even the possibility of bribery of officials by criminal groups, but the gradual entry of members of criminal organizations and, even, their leaders and organizers into power structures, state administration, control and law enforcement bodies. Another problem we have outlined above is the lack of training and lack of professional experience of law enforcement officers in the fight against organized crime. The dismantling of the Organized Crime Offices and the establishment of Strategic Investigation Departments and their subordinate departments had a mixed effect on the results of combating crime. Positive, in our opinion, is the accession to the body of experts in the detection and investigation of crimes of economic orientation, as organized crime at the present stage, as noted above, aimed at including the commission of these crimes. The negative tendency is, in our opinion, the turnover of personnel, due to the sometimes rather harsh and unfair conditions of competitive selection of candidates, the lack of individual approach to the staff with many years of work experience. One way to solve this problem is to train specialists in strategic investigations departments in universities with specific conditions of study, followed by a mandatory internship under the guidance of mentors for at least three years.

scholarly journals The Power Shift from Government to Organized Crime in Kyrgyzstan

2021 ◽  
pp. 139-155
Author(s):  
Erlan Bakiev
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Small Business Owners ◽  
Power Shift ◽  
Criminal Organizations ◽  
Organized Crime Groups ◽  
Internet And Social Media

AbstractOrganized crime (OC) groups in Kyrgyzstan have reached a level where they are competing with governmental authorities and institutions. Leaders of OC groups can assign members of their groups into law enforcement positions and parliament. It is safe to claim that the absence of rule of law and legal gaps encourage organized crime groups to flourish. From an economic point of view, privatization and capitalization of the economic system in the process of democratization have been in the interest and favor of the development of criminal organizations. Organized crime gangs can easily fill their chests by benefiting from the legal gaps. For instance, all the jewelry store owners at the major markets in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan pay fees to an OC gang for their safety and security. Small business owners have been taken under control by organized crime to resolve economic disputes or just because they are in their area of control. Moreover, gangs and groups operating in the South Kyrgyzstan, as well as in Talas and Bishkek, deal with drug trafficking. The cultural aspect of this issue focuses on the importance of the clan ties and network connections in Kyrgyzstan and its use by organized crime. The networking used by the OC also includes utilization of the Internet and social media, consequently it became difficult to counter them during the process of globalization and the whole of society being integrated with the internet and social media, the fight against organized crime has become more difficult. Challenging existing socio-cultural structures, to increase law enforcement and combat clan-based subculture and informal law practices, such as the “thieves” “laws” and “brotherhood hierarchies” of organized crime, have been an almost impossible endeavor over the past 30 years. Consequently, breaking the network of OC and destroying its nationwide functions is a challenge, not only in Kyrgyzstan but in many post-soviet countries.

Organized Crime, the State, and Paramilitarism

2020 ◽  
pp. 64-114
Author(s):  
Uğur Ümit Üngör
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
The State ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Criminal Organizations ◽  
Criminal Groups ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Law Making

How are paramilitarism and crime related to each other? Empirical studies of paramilitarism make abundantly clear that (organized) crime plays an important role in paramilitarism: the trade in illicit commodities and services and the fact that criminal gangs operate in secrecy are two phenomena that are closely related to paramilitary activity. The influences seem to run both ways: criminals benefit from paramilitarism, and paramilitarism often engenders crime. In many examples, entire organized crime structures have collided with states and paramilitary units. This chapter offers a deeper look at the relationships between paramilitarism and crime. It looks at how criminal organizations are coveted by states if the tasks at hand necessitate the need for trust that characterizes interpersonal relationships within criminal groups. The relationship is mutually beneficial, because it allows criminal groups to achieve a form of respectability, preserve their assets, and develop their activities by influencing law-making and extending their network. The chapter examines these shared interests and trade-offs, discusses organized crime in peace and wartime, and draws several paramilitary-criminal profiles of those who pursued not only wealth and private interests, but also political power.

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