scholarly journals Ambient bioaerosol distribution and associated health risks at a high traffic density junction at Dehradun city, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 192 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep Madhwal ◽  
Vignesh Prabhu ◽  
Sangeeta Sundriyal ◽  
Vijay Shridhar
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
High Traffic Density

scholarly journals Imperiling on Urban Environment by Air Pollution and its Impact on Human Health

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-112
Author(s):  
Durdana Rais Hashmi ◽  
Akhtar Shareef ◽  
Talha Rehan Qadri ◽  
Muhammad Azam
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Industrial Emissions ◽  
Industrial Areas ◽  
High Traffic Density

Present study was carried out to analyze the concentration of the pollutants due to air born particulate matter (PM10) and infectious trace gases and their effects on human health at ten different locations along busy intersections in the commercial, residential and industrial areas of Karachi city. At each selected location, the study was carried out to determine the level of particulate matter and trace gases for a period of 8 h twice in a month during the year 2015. Samples were collected at ten selected locations i.e. Karimabad(C-1), Tibet Centre(C-2), and Liaquatabad(C-3) in commercial areas; PIB Colony(R-1), Nazimabad(R-2) and Gulshan-e-Iqbal(R-3) in residential areas; Siemens G. Belt(I-E1), Naurus G Belt (I-E2), Singer Chowrangi(I-W3) and Chamra Chowrangi(I-W4) in industrial areas of the city. Resultsreceived from different air quality categories were calculated according to National Environmental Quality Standard (NEQS) at selected locations, as in commercial areas showing poor pollution level for trace gases and PM10 due to high traffic density. In Residential areas PIB Colony (R-1) and Gulshan-e-Iqbal (R-3), found under good category with respect to the trace gases and moderate pollution level for the PM10 pollution, having low traffic density whereas Nazimabad(R-2) presents moderate category for trace gases and unhealthy category for PM10 pollution with high traffic density. In industrial areas Singer Chowrangi (I-W3) and Chamra Chowrangi(I-W4) found under moderate pollution level with moderate traffic density, whereas, Siemens G. Belt(I-E1) and Naurus G. Belt(I-E2) locations are represented by moderate pollution values for trace gases and found under poor pollution level for PM10 pollution, may be due to industrial emissions and heavy vehicular emission. Level of PM10 and trace gases at all the selected sites excluding residential areas, exceeds the permissible limits as specified by NEQS.

Air pollution in a large tropical city with a high traffic density — results of measurements in Lagos, Nigeria

1995 ◽  
Vol 169 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 25-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Baumbach ◽  
U. Vogt ◽  
K.R.G. Hein ◽  
A.F. Oluwole ◽  
O.J. Ogunsola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
High Traffic Density ◽  
Density Results

Shipboard and Shore-based Equipment and its Uses

1972 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 412-413
Author(s):  
F. M. Foley ◽  
H. T. Heal
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Present Problem ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
World War ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Safe Navigation ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Navigational Aids ◽  
High Traffic Density

When considering what equipment is to be fitted either in the ship or ashore in order to ensure safe navigation in conditions of high traffic density, we can to some extent be guided by looking at what has happened in the aircraft world where these problems have been present for a long time. Here considerable use is made of radar and of radio navigational aids. Before assuming too readily that the same will apply in the marine world, we should perhaps recall that radar and the hyperbolic radio aids were born during World War II, and that since then fundamentally new techniques in navigation have been developed which should be examined to see if they have any bearing on our present problem.

Human Collision Avoidance Behavior as a Function of Visibility, Traffic Density Electronic Aiding and Type of Information Displayed

1977 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 382-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kent E. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Collision Avoidance ◽  
Avoidance Behavior ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Graphic Display ◽  
Open Sea ◽  
Navigational Aid ◽  
Collision Avoidance System ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Oil Tankers ◽  
High Traffic Density

Licensed Captains of 80,000 DWT oil tankers were tested on a real time computerized simulator in order to evaluate their collision avoidance behavior in the open sea. Visibility, Traffic density, Navigational aid, and Type of information displayed were manipulated experimentally in order to assess the effects of these variables upon the human's performance in potential collision situations. The findings indicated that a computerized collision avoidance system greatly reduced the danger of collision in poor visibility and in high traffic density whereas the possibility of collision was increased using radar in poor visibility and high traffic density. Furthermore, it was found that a meaningful graphic display of information was responsible for the improved performance as compared to a visual alphanumeric display of target ship information.

scholarly journals THE USE OF ANNUAL MILEAGE AS A RATING VARIABLE

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Lemaire ◽  
Sojung Carol Park ◽  
Kili C. Wang
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Auto Insurance ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
New Variables ◽  
Developed Nations ◽  
High Traffic Density

AbstractAuto insurance companies must adapt to ever-evolving regulations and technological progress. Several variables commonly used to predict accidents rates, such as gender and territory, are being questioned by regulators. Insurers are pressured to find new variables that predict accidents more accurately and are socially acceptable. Annual mileage seems an ideal candidate. The recent development in new technologies should induce insurance carriers to explore ways to introduce mileage-based insurance premiums. We use the unique database of a major insurer in Taiwan to investigate whether annual mileage should be introduced as a rating variable in auto third-party liability insurance. We find that annual mileage is an extremely powerful predictor of the number of claims at-fault. The inclusion of mileage as a new variable should, however, not take place at the expense of bonus-malus systems; rather, the information contained in the bonus-malus premium level complements the value of annual mileage. An accurate rating system should therefore include annual mileage and bonus-malus as the two main building blocks, possibly supplemented by the use of other variables like age, territory and engine cubic capacity. While Taiwan has specific characteristics (high traffic density, a mild bonus-malus system and limited compulsory auto coverage), our results are so strong that we can confidently conjecture that they extend to all developed nations.

scholarly journals Change of Ba concentration by species and organ in several fruits grown in city centers

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-150
Author(s):  
Halil Baris Ozel ◽  
Mesut Sen ◽  
Hakan Sevik
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Heavy Metal Concentration ◽  
Prunus Cerasus ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
High Pollution ◽  
Tilia Tomentosa ◽  
High Traffic Density ◽  
Very High ◽  
Significant Health

Heavy metals are elements that are very harmful to human and environmental health. Heavy metal concentration in the fruits grown in city centers can reach very high levels and consuming these fruits as food causes a direct intake of heavy metals, which these fruits contain, into a human body and can pose a significant health risk. All the compounds of barium (Ba), which is one of the most dangerous heavy metals, are toxic. Thus, determining the Ba concentration in plants, which are grown in areas with high pollution and consumed as food, is very important. In the present study, it was aimed to determine the change of Ba concentration by species and organ in several fruits grown in areas with high traffic density. Within the scope of this study, Ba concentrations in leaf, branch, bark, seed, and fruits of Prunus ceresifera, Tilia tomentosa, Prunus avium, and Prunus cerasus were compared. As a result, it was determined that the change of Ba concentrations by species and the change by organ were statistically significant in all organs and in all species, respectively. In general, the lowest values were found in Prunus cerasus or Prunus avium, whereas the highest values were observed in Tilia tomentosa. Considering the organs, the lowest values were found in seed and the highest ones in bark and branch.

scholarly journals Temporal variability of damage potential on roads as a conceptual contribution towards a short-term avalanche risk simulation

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Zischg ◽  
S. Fuchs ◽  
M. Keiler ◽  
J. Stötter
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Damage Potential ◽  
Fatality Risk ◽  
High Hazard ◽  
Hazard Level ◽  
High Traffic Density

Abstract. The fatality risk caused by avalanches on road networks can be analysed using a long-term approach, resulting in a mean value of risk, and with emphasis on short-term fluctuations due to the temporal variability of both, the hazard potential and the damage potential. In this study, the approach for analysing the long-term fatality risk has been adapted by modelling the highly variable short-term risk. The emphasis was on the temporal variability of the damage potential and the related risk peaks. For defined hazard scenarios resulting from classified amounts of snow accumulation, the fatality risk was calculated by modelling the hazard potential and observing the traffic volume. The avalanche occurrence probability was calculated using a statistical relationship between new snow height and observed avalanche releases. The number of persons at risk was determined from the recorded traffic density. The method resulted in a value for the fatality risk within the observed time frame for the studied road segment. The long-term fatality risk due to snow avalanches as well as the short-term fatality risk was compared to the average fatality risk due to traffic accidents. The application of the method had shown that the long-term avalanche risk is lower than the fatality risk due to traffic accidents. The analyses of short-term avalanche-induced fatality risk provided risk peaks that were 50 times higher than the statistical accident risk. Apart from situations with high hazard level and high traffic density, risk peaks result from both, a high hazard level combined with a low traffic density and a high traffic density combined with a low hazard level. This provided evidence for the importance of the temporal variability of the damage potential for risk simulations on road networks. The assumed dependence of the risk calculation on the sum of precipitation within three days is a simplified model. Thus, further research is needed for an improved determination of the diurnal avalanche probability. Nevertheless, the presented approach may contribute as a conceptual step towards a risk-based decision-making in risk management.

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