scholarly journals Latex Metabolome of Euphorbia Species: Geographical and Inter-Species Variation and its Proposed Role in Plant Defense against Herbivores and Pathogens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Francisco Salomé-Abarca ◽  
Dejan Gođevac ◽  
Min Sun Kim ◽  
Geum-Sook Hwang ◽  
Sang Cheol Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Selective Pressure ◽  
Species Variation ◽  
Cooperative Defense ◽  
Metabolic Variation ◽  
Physical Elements ◽  
Defensive Chemical ◽  
Chemical Selection ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractBased on the hypothesis that the variation of the metabolomes of latex is a response to selective pressure and should thus be affected differently from other organs, their variation could provide an insight into the defensive chemical selection of plants. Metabolic profiling was used to compare tissues of three Euphorbia species collected in diverse regions. The metabolic variation of latexes was much more limited than that of other organs. In all the species, the levels of polyisoprenes and terpenes were found to be much higher in latexes than in leaves and roots of the corresponding plants. Polyisoprenes were observed to physically delay the contact of pathogens with plant tissues and their growth. A secondary barrier composed of terpenes in latex and in particular, 24-methylenecycloartanol, exhibited antifungal activity. These results added to the well-known role of enzymes also present in latexes, show that these are part of a cooperative defense system comprising biochemical and physical elements.

scholarly journals The instantaneous multi-pronged defense system of latex against general plant enemies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Francisco Salomé-Abarca ◽  
Dejan Gođevac ◽  
Min Sun Kim ◽  
Geum-Sook Hwang ◽  
Sang Cheol Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Selective Pressure ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Cooperative Defense ◽  
Metabolic Variation ◽  
Physical Elements ◽  
Defensive Chemical ◽  
Chemical Selection ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractBased on the hypothesis that variation of the metabolomes of latex is a response to selective pressure and should thus be affected differently from other organs, their variation could provide insight into the defensive chemical selection of plants. Metabolic profiling was utilized to compare tissues of Euphorbia species collected in various regions. The metabolic variation of latexes was much more limited than that of other organs. In all of the species, the levels of polyisoprenes and terpenoids were found to be much higher in latexes than in leaves and roots. Polyisoprenes were also observed to physically delay the contact and growth of pathogens with plant tissues. A secondary barrier composed of terpenes and, in particular, 24-methylenecycloartanol, exhibited antifungal activity. These results, together with the known roles of the enzymes also present in latexes, demonstrate that they are part of a cooperative defense system that comprises both biochemical and physical elements.

Alterations of self-reactive antibody repertoires in HIV disease: An insight into the role of T cells in the selection of autoreactive B cells

2005 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothea Stahl ◽  
Sébastien Lacroix-Desmazes ◽  
Namita Misra ◽  
Marina Karmochkine ◽  
Srini V. Kaveri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Autoreactive B Cells ◽  
Antibody Repertoires ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Reactive Antibody ◽  
Selection Of

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal succession in a long-lived perennial

Botany ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miranda M. Hart ◽  
Monika Gorzelak ◽  
Diane Ragone ◽  
Susan J. Murch
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Selective Pressure ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Artocarpus Altilis ◽  
Host Identity ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal ◽  
Insight Into

It is difficult to understand why arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities change over time. The role of host identity confounds our understanding of successional changes in AM fungal communities because hosts exert strong selective pressure on their root-associated microbes. In this study we looked at the AM fungi associated with a long-lived perennial breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg) to see how AM communities change over the life span of a single, long-lived host. Using 454 high-throughput sequencing, we found evidence that older trees had more AM fungal taxa than younger trees and were associated with different AM fungal communities, but these differences were not apparent early in the life cycle. Older trees were dominated by species of Rhizophagus, whereas younger trees and genets were dominated by species of Glomus. Some taxa were only detected in older trees (e.g., Funneliformis) or genets (e.g., Racocetra and Scutellospora), indicating that certain AM fungal taxa may serve as “indicators” of the successional age of the fungal community. These results provide important information about a poorly studied system and give insight into how AM communities change over longer time scales.

Nanophotonic technologies driving innovations in molecular sensing

Sensor Review ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-175
Author(s):  
Robert Bogue
Keyword(s):  
Cmos Technology ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Molecular Sensors ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Reduced Costs ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

Purpose This paper aims to provide a technical insight into recent molecular sensor developments involving nanophotonic materials and phenomena. Design/methodology/approach Following an introduction, this highlights a selection of recent research activities involving molecular sensors based on nanophotonic technologies. It discusses chemical sensors, gas sensors and finally the role of nanophotonics in Raman spectroscopy. Brief concluding comments are drawn. Findings This shows that nanophotonic technologies are being applied to a diversity of molecular sensors and have the potential to yield devices with enhanced features such as higher sensitivity and reduced size. As several of these sensors can be fabricated with CMOS technology, potential exists for mass-production and significantly reduced costs. Originality/value This article illustrates how emerging nanophotonic technologies are set to enhance the capabilities of a diverse range of molecular sensors.

scholarly journals Diversity and selection of SARS-CoV-2 minority variants in the early New York City outbreak

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison Roder ◽  
Mohammed Khalfan ◽  
Katherine E Johnson ◽  
Denis Ruchnewitz ◽  
Marissa Knoll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
York City ◽  
Selective Pressure ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Rna Polymerases ◽  
Reliable Identification ◽  
Minority Variants ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Selection Of

High error rates of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases lead to diverse intra-host viral populations during infection. Errors made during replication that are not strongly deleterious to the virus can lead to the generation of minority variants. Here we analyzed minority variants within the SARS-CoV-2 data in 12 samples from the early outbreak in New York City, using replicate sequencing for reliable identification. While most minority variants were unique to a single sample, we found several instances of shared variants. We provide evidence that some higher-frequency minority variants may be transmitted between patients or across short transmission chains, while other lower-frequency, more widely shared variants arise independently. Further, our data indicate that even with a small transmission bottleneck, the heterogeneity of intra-host viral populations is enhanced by minority variants present in transmission samples. Our data suggest that analysis of shared minority variants could help identify regions of the SARS-CoV-2 genome that are under increased selective pressure, as well as inform transmission chains and give insight into variant strain emergence.

scholarly journals Conditions for successful realization of choir teaching at younger school age

2020 ◽  
pp. 427-444
Author(s):  
Miona Ilić
Keyword(s):  
Choral Music ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
School Age ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Public Performance ◽  
The Public ◽  
Methodical Approach ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Selection Of

With its significance and benefits that it provides while children growing up, choral music deserves great attention. With this paper, we wanted to point out the elements that make the methodical approach in working with the choir of the younger grades of primary school unique. In order to provide conditions for the realization of choir teaching at a younger school age, the paper discusses the role of the conductor and presents the way of planning work with this type of choir, which includes the selection of compositions for work, as well as the choice of singers. This review article provides an insight into the methodical procedure used for learning new songs, and within which the relevant literature does not skip certain elements in working with the choir, such as proper breathing, warming up, preparation for public performance, and finally the public performance as the final goal towards which every work with the choir should be directed.

scholarly journals Sugars and Acids Influence Flavor Properties of Mango (Mangifera indica L.)

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 644d-644
Author(s):  
T.M.M. Malundo ◽  
E.A. Baldwin ◽  
R.L. Shewfelt ◽  
H. Sisson ◽  
G.O. Ware
Keyword(s):  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Orange Peel ◽  
Flavor Perception ◽  
Acid Ratio ◽  
Optimum Ripeness ◽  
Fruit Flavor ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Selection Of

Fruit flavor is a function of sensory perception of taste, aromatic and chemical feeling factor components in the mouth. The specific role of sugars and acids in potentiating flavor perception of volatile compounds and chemical feeling factors is not well known for many fruits. This study was conducted to determine the effects of selected levels of sugars and acids on perception of 3 taste (sweet, sour, bitter), 6 aromatic (banana, grassy, orange peel, peach, pine/turpentine, sweet potato), and 2 chemical feeling factor (astringent, biting) flavor notes in diluted, fresh mango homogenate using a trained descriptive panel. Perception of all flavor descriptors except sour were enhanced by increasing the sugar concentration. An increase in acid concentration enhanced perception of sweet, sour and biting notes while lowering perception of the astringent, peach and pine/turpentine notes. Brix-to-acid ratio (BAR) was found to be an effective chemical indicator for perception of sourness but was not effective for perception of sweetness. These results provide insight into optimum balances of sugars and acids as they influence mango flavor perception specifically in preparation of juice blends, selection of cultivars for specific fresh markets, or determination of optimum ripeness in the marketplace.

Rassistische Sprache – Eine Untersuchung zu Strategien für das Simultandolmetschen vom Englischen ins Deutsche hinsichtlich ihrer Praktikabilität

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-81
Author(s):  
Quynh Anh Le ngoc
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Focus Group Interview ◽  
Panel Discussion ◽  
Group Interview ◽  
Simultaneous Interpretation ◽  
Self Image ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract This article offers an insight into strategies in English-to-German simultaneous interpretation that can be applied when a speaker uses racist language. Six interpreters were first introduced to a selection of strategies. They were then asked to interpret a staged panel discussion in which racist language was used. Each time they recognized racist speech they were supposed to intuitively apply one of the strategies they had previously been introduced to. In a final step, all six interpreters took part in a focus group interview during which they assessed the applied strategies and discussed difficulties. The results from both the interpretations and the focus group interview illustrate how racist speech can be interpreted critically. They offer a new perspective on traditional translation and interpretation theories as well as on the role of interpreters. The article concludes with some ideas as to how the results could be incorporated into interpretation didactics. Given the fact that we live and work in a time in which power relations and the world’s landscape continue to shift and change, it appears appropriate to challenge the current self-image of interpreters.

Catharine Trotter Cockburn (1679?–1749)

2020 ◽  
pp. 116-266
Keyword(s):  
Moral Obligation ◽  
John Locke ◽  
Moral Philosopher ◽  
Ethical Position ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
The Will ◽  
Scottish Descent ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Selection Of

This chapter contains selected letters from the correspondence of Catharine Trotter Cockburn, an English moral philosopher of Scottish descent. It includes a large selection of Cockburn’s letters to and from her niece Ann Hepburn Arbuthnot, spanning the period from 1731 to 1748, as well as letters from Cockburn’s exchanges with the philosophers John Locke and Edmund Law. The topics of the letters concern ethical and moral-theological issues such as the metaphysical foundations of moral obligation and the role of reason in discerning the will of God. The chapter begins with an introductory essay by the editor, arguing that the letters provide insight into how Cockburn developed her mature ethical position in relation to her philosophical contemporaries, especially the freethinkers, deists, mystics, and advocates of self-interest in her time. The text includes editorial annotations to assist the reader’s understanding of early modern words and ideas.

scholarly journals Polymolybdates and Peroxomolybdates: Candidates for Catalysts in Industry

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (a1) ◽  
pp. C589-C589
Author(s):  
Wieslaw Lasocha ◽  
Anna Szymanska ◽  
Marcin Oszajca ◽  
Graham Appleby ◽  
Katarzyna Pamin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycrystalline Materials ◽  
Full Understanding ◽  
Variable Size ◽  
Cyclic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Oxidation Of Hydrocarbons ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Selection Of

Progress in catalysis depends on a full understanding of the role of the individual components of catalytic materials. Crystallographic studies offer insight into crystal structure, which enables the rational selection of reagents and better planning of the syntheses of novel materials and catalysts. In this paper we have studied the process of the oxidation of hydrocarbons and terpenes with oxygen from the air. Processes of this type are important in so-called "Green Chemistry." Their application can reduce the amount of environmentally harmful pollutants formed through conventional oxidation based on nitric acid. While investigating the catalytic activity of peroxo- and polymolybdates(VI) in the oxidation of cycloalkanes, we found a number of intriguing relationships. To explain them, we designed, synthesized and solved the crystal structures of the family of new peroxomolybdates, tri-, octa- and pentamolybdates of amines. Both single crystal and polycrystalline materials were investigated using laboratory as well as synchrotron radiation. Next, we used these compounds as catalysts in certain interesting for industry processes (e.g. oxidation of cyclic hydrocarbons). We have concluded that: – The activity of peroxocompounds is enhanced by the coordination of N-oxide groups to Mo atoms. – The activity of anionic polymeric trimolybdates decreases when `surface of polymeric fiber' is blocked by cations. – The anionic layers of pentamolybdates are separated by cations of variable size. The distance between layers plays a role similar to that of the size of channels in zeolites. Summary: Peroxomolybdates and polyoxomolybdates show great prospects for new industrial uses (besides cracking and desulfurization).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document