scholarly journals Epistemic Consultants and the Regulation of Policy Knowledge in the Obama Administration

Minerva ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-558
Author(s):  
Jack Wright ◽  
Tiago Mata
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Critique Of Judgment ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
White House ◽  
Diffusion Of Information ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Government ◽  
American Society ◽  
And Diffusion

Abstract The agencies of the government of the United States of America, such as the Food and Drug Administration or the Environmental Protection Agency, intervene in American society through the collection, processing, and diffusion of information. The Presidency of Barack Obama was notable for updating and redesigning the US government’s information infrastructure. The White House enhanced mass consultation through open government and big data initiatives to evaluate policy effectiveness, and it launched new ways of communicating with the citizenry. In this essay we argue that these programs spelled out an emergent epistemology based on two assumptions: dispersed knowledge and a critique of judgment. These programs have redefined the evidence required to justify and design regulatory policy and conferred authority to a new kind of expert, which we call epistemic consultants.

scholarly journals Public perceptions of federal science advisory boards depend on their composition

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (37) ◽  
pp. 22668-22670
Author(s):  
Caitlin Drummond ◽  
Sara Goto Gray ◽  
Kaitlin T. Raimi ◽  
Robyn Wilson ◽  
Joseph Árvai
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Expert Advice ◽  
Academic Scientists ◽  
Business Interests ◽  
Advisory Boards ◽  
Science Advisory ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Government ◽  
Public Views

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Science Advisory Board (SAB) provides expert advice to inform agency decision-making. Recent regulations have decreased the representation of academic scientists on the EPA SAB and increased the representation of industry scientists. In an experiment, we asked how the US public views the goals and legitimacy of the board as a function of its composition. Respondents perceived SABs with a majority of industry scientists to be more likely to promote business interests than SABs with a majority of academic scientists. Liberals were less likely than conservatives to perceive industry-majority SABs as promoting human health and the environment, and making unbiased and evidence-based decisions. Our findings underscore the potential for politicization of scientific advice to the government.

The Role of Governmental Organizations in Communicating About Regulating Science

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffery Morris
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Regulatory Science ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
The Public ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Government ◽  
Us Federal Government

Governments rely on regulatory science to support decisions related to the protection of human health and the environment. Not only is regulatory science produced and used differently than discovery-driven science practiced outside the government, but it also has its own means of being communicated within democratic societies and has its own challenges for public engagement. This chapter examines how regulatory science is communicated within the US federal government, principally by the US Environmental Protection Agency, using nanotechnology and biotechnology as case studies to illustrate the challenges of, and opportunities for, engaging the public on the use of scientific information to inform decisions on the introduction and use of emerging technologies into society.

scholarly journals Regulatory Concerns of the United States Environmental Protection Agency

1992 ◽  
Vol 20 (3-2) ◽  
pp. 523-525
Author(s):  
Penelope Fenner-Crisp
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
The Us ◽  
Legislative Mandates

The US Environmental Protection Agency, under 2 of its legislative mandates, has the authority to require the testing of industrial and pesticide chemicals. Among the testing requirements, particularly in chronic studies, are those relating to hematology, clinical chemistry, and urinalysis. Some of these requirements will be discussed in detail. Comments on the usefulness of the current requirements and recommendations for changes will be solicited from the meeting participants.

Model Standards and Techniques for Control of Radon in New Buildings

1994 ◽  
Vol 56 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 5-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.M. Murane
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Indoor Radon ◽  
The United States ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Public Comment ◽  
Construction Techniques ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Building Practice ◽  
New Buildings

Abstract In response to a requirement in the Indoor Radon Abatement Act of 1988, The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been developing 'Model Standards and Techniques for Control of Radon in New Buildings'. A draft of the Model Standards was developed in close co-operation with the building industry and disseminated for public comment in April 1993. A final Standard will be published by the end of 1993. This paper describes the recommended construction techniques and implementation procedures contained in the draft. Use of the recommended standards and techniques is linked to the potential for elevated radon levels that is predicted for different geographical areas of the United States. The paper emphasises the cost-effectiveness of building-in-radon-resistance in new homes, and highlights the use of construction techniques that many builders already use as standard building practice.

Water reuse criteria in the United States

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Crook ◽  
R.Y. Surampalli
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
The Us ◽  
Public Health Protection

Water reuse is well established in the United States, with uses ranging from pasture irrigation using reclaimed water that has received a low level of treatment, to augmentation of potable water supplies with highly treated reclaimed water. There are no federal regulations governing water reuse and criteria are developed at the state level. Criteria differ between states that have adopted regulations or guidelines, but criteria among states where water reuse is prevalent are similar and tend to be conservative, with public health protection being the most important consideration. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has published guidelines for water reuse that include recommended criteria for various reclaimed water applications.

scholarly journals In the “Fissures of Infrastructure”

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-158
Author(s):  
Kate Lewis Hood
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Federal Intervention ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Material Conditions ◽  
Indigenous Poetry ◽  
Poetic Work

Abstract This article offers an account of “toxic infrastructures” as mutually material and discursive arrangements operating in the postwar, postcrash, and settler colonial landscapes of the United States. It specifically responds to Jennifer Scappettone’s multimodal poetic work The Republic of Exit 43, developed after the author’s discovery that the industrial landfill site she grew up alongside in New York had been classified by the US Environmental Protection Agency as requiring federal intervention. Tracing Scappettone’s poetic geographies from the “corporate dump” of Syosset Landfill to the more (in)famous waste site Fresh Kills, the article argues that Scappettone exposes the ways that certain bodies and ecologies are rendered physically and conceptually toxic and implicates readers in the uneven social, embodied, and ecological conditions of composition and response. It suggests that Scappettone’s practices of collage, salvage, and collaborative performance destabilize lyric subjectivity to address a “garbage arcadia” compounding the material accumulations of US consumerism and neoliberal financialization with longer processes of dispossession and displacement. Reading this text with feminist materialisms and Julian Talamantez Brolaski’s queer Indigenous poetry, the article considers how poetics might reckon with the material conditions and residues of uneven wasting and generate situated, critical, and relational approaches to toxic infrastructures.

Whither Environmental Regulation?

1984 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory A. Daneke
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Regulation ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
The United States ◽  
Business Community ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Reform Strategies ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
The Us

AbstractDespite all the rhetoric, efforts to reform environmental regulation in the United States offer little promise of relief. Incapacitating the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and shifting responsibilities to the states hardly insures a less burdensome situation for the business community. At best, basic reform strategies merely add on various efficiency devices (bubbles, cost-benefit analyses, etc.) without addressing issues of overall regulatory performance. Moreover, none of the reform strategies, thus far, get at the underlying statutes and processes of environmental regulation which tend to generate a highly combative milieu. This discussion explores these weaknesses, and forwards an alternative approach, which is similar to regulatory processes in Europe and Canada (involving reduced litigation and increased negotiation).

scholarly journals POLITIK OFENSIF AMERIKA SERIKAT TERHADAP SIKAP DEFENSIF IRAN: DARI PERANG PROKSI HINGGA DOMINASI

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-139
Author(s):  
Ahmad Zainal Mustofa ◽  
Nurus Syarifah
Keyword(s):  
Its Region ◽  
The United States ◽  
Military Bases ◽  
White House ◽  
Us Military ◽  
Important Concern ◽  
The Us ◽  
Proxy War ◽  
The Government ◽  
Defense Theory

ABSTRACT This article describes the conflict between the United States and Iran in the form of a proxy war taking place in Syria and Yemen. The conflict culminated in the attack from US against Iran on January 3, 2020 in Iraq. The proxy war that took place between US and Iran, the plan of the US when cornered by Iran, and Iran’s response to the actions of the US will be explain in this paper. This study uses Offense-Defense theory as a means of analyzing the two countries. The method used in this research is descriptive analytical. The research concludes that the US and Iran are involved in proxy wars in Syria and Yemen. In Syria, the US stands as a supporter of government groups. Meanwhile, Iran stands as a group supporting the government. In Yemen, the US stands as a supporter of the government. Meanwhile, Iran stands as a supporter of supporters. The series of proxy wars led to an escalation due to the conflict suffered by the US. The White House then killed Mayor General Qassem Soleimani, who is an influential general in Iran, for being the actor behind the failure of their plan. Iran then responded with attacks on US military bases in Iraq. The reply is also an important concern for the US to increase security in its region. Keywords: conflict culminated; proxy war; offense-defense; Qassem Soleimani.   ABSTRAK Artikel ini menjelaskan tentang konflik antara Amerika Serikat dan Iran dalam bentuk perang proksi yang terjadi di Suriah dan Yaman. Kulminasi konflik tersebut berupa serangan dari AS terhadap Iran pada tanggal 3 Januari 2020 di Irak. Perang proksi yang terjadi antara AS-Iran, rencana AS ketika tersudutkan oleh Iran, dan respons Iran terhadap tindakan AS akan dipaparkan dalam tulisan ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori ofensif-defensif sebagai sarana untuk menganalisis konflik kedua negara. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif analitis. Adapun hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa AS dan Iran terlibat perang proksi di Suriah dan Yaman. Di Suriah, AS berdiri sebagai pendukung kelompok oposisi pemerintah. Sedangkan Iran berdiri sebagai kelompok pendukung pemerintah. Di Yaman, AS berdiri sebagai pendukung pemerintah. Sedangkan Iran berdiri sebagai pendukung oposisi. Serangkaian perang proksi tersebut menimbulkan eskalasi konflik akibat kekalahan yang diderita oleh AS. Pihak Gedung Putih kemudian membunuh Mayor Jenderal Qassem Soleimani yang merupakan jenderal berpengaruh di Iran karena dianggap sebagai aktor di balik kegagalan rencana mereka. Iran kemudian merespons dengan serangan ke basis militer AS di Irak. Balasan tersebut sekaligus menjadi atensi penting bagi AS untuk meningkatkan keamanan di wilayahnya. Kata kunci: kulminasi konflik; perang proksi; teori ofensif-defensif; Qassem Soleimani.  

Scanning electron microscopy of asbestos-containing material where the asbestos fibers are considered locked in a binder

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 472-473
Author(s):  
J. R. Millette ◽  
R. S. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
The United States ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Asbestos Fibers ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Binder Material ◽  
Scanning Electron

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has labeled as “friable” those building materials that are likely to readily release fibers. Friable materials when dry, can easily be crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder using hand pressure. Other asbestos containing building materials (ACBM) where the asbestos fibers are in a matrix of cement or bituminous or resinous binders are considered non-friable. However, when subjected to sanding, grinding, cutting or other forms of abrasion, these non-friable materials are to be treated as friable asbestos material. There has been a hypothesis that all raw asbestos fibers are encapsulated in solvents and binders and are not released as individual fibers if the material is cut or abraded. Examination of a number of different types of non-friable materials under the SEM show that after cutting or abrasion, tuffs or bundles of fibers are evident on the surfaces of the materials. When these tuffs or bundles are examined, they are shown to contain asbestos fibers which are free from binder material. These free fibers may be released into the air upon further cutting or abrasion.

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