Natural variation of the Dt2 promoter controls plant height and node number in semi-determinant soybean

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun Kou ◽  
Tong Su ◽  
Yanping Wang ◽  
Hui Yang ◽  
Hao Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Natural Variation ◽  
Node Number

scholarly journals Natural Variation of Dt2 Promoter Controls Plant Height and Node Number in Semi-Determinant Soybeans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun Kou ◽  
Tong Su ◽  
Yanping Wang ◽  
Hui Yang ◽  
Hao Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Promoter Activity ◽  
Natural Variation ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Transient Transfection ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Transient Transfection Assay ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Glycine Max L

Abstract Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] is one of the most important legume crops and its plant height (PH) is one significant quantitative trait closely related to node number (NN) and internode length (IL) on the main stem, which affect yield together. In this study, we used a recombinant inbred line (RIL) derived from a cross between two semi-determinate stem soybean varieties (Dt1Dt1Dt2Dt2), JKK378 and HXW. A consistent QTL named qPH18 simultaneously controlling PH, NN, and IL was identified, in which this region harbors the semi-determinant gene, Dt2. Sequencing of the promoter of Dt2 from JKK378, identified three polymorphisms relative to HXW, including two SNPs and a 18bp Indel. The expression level of Dt2 in qPH18JKK378 group was lower than that in qPH18HXW group, meanwhile, as a downstream gene, the expression of Dt1 from two groups showed a contrary tendency. Transient transfection assay confirmed that the promoter activity of Dt2 from JKK378 is lower compared to HXW. We speculate that the polymorphisms in the two dominant Dt2 promoter caused difference in expression level of Dt2 and its downstream gene Dt1, hence, affect PH, NN, IL, and grain weight per plant without changing stem growth habit. Compared to PH18HXW allele, qPH18JKK378 allele suppresses the expression of Dt2 gene which releases the expression of Dt1, thus promotes plant node number and enhanced grain yield. These results will be helpful for revealing the mechanism underlying the node number and plant height, the soybean materials and molecular marker will facilitate molecule breeding.

Heritabilities and phenotypic correlations of morphological traits of beans

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-359
Author(s):  
Manuel Mateo Solano ◽  
James S. Beaver ◽  
Freddy Saladín-García
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Narrow Sense ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Phenotypic Correlations ◽  
Biological Yield ◽  
Number Of Branches

Indeterminate bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) lines derived from crosses between small-seeded indeterminate and large-seeded determinate genotypes were used for estimating the heritabilities and phenotypic correlations for seed yield and morphological traits. The F2 generation of six bean populations was planted at the Fortuna Substation, Juana Díaz, Puerto Rico in October 1984. Seed yield per plant, number of branches per plant, plant height, node number per plant, biological yield, and apparent harvest index were measured for 50 indeterminate plants selected at random from each population. Fifty plant rows of each population were planted in February 1985 at the Fortuna Substation, and in March 1985 on a small farm in the Constanza valley of the Dominican Republic. Narrow sense heritabilities were estimated with parent-offspring regressions of the F2 and F3 generations, and phenotypic correlations were estimated with means of the F3 lines. The indeterminate F3 lines had greater plant height and fewer nodes than their indeterminate parents. Biological yields, harvest indexes and number of branches of the F3 plants were generally equal to or less than those of their indeterminate parents. Greater branch and node number and greater plant height, biological yield, and harvest index were associated with greater seed yield. Narrow sense heritabilities (NSH) of morphological traits were generally low to intermediate. Since NSH of the morphological traits were no greater than NSH of seed yield, replicated advanced generation yield trials still appear to be the most effective approach for identifying large-seeded indeterminate bean lines with greater seed yield potential.

scholarly journals Moisture Stress: An Alternative Method of Height Control to B-nine (daminozide)

1992 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 232-235
Author(s):  
David R. Brown ◽  
D. Joseph Eakes ◽  
Bridget K. Behe ◽  
Charles H. Gilliam
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Height Control ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Bedding Plant ◽  
Medium Type ◽  
Pepper Plants

Abstract Moisture stress was compared to B-nine (daminozide) as a method of height control for annual bedding plant transplants. Three plant species, ‘Big Boy’ tomato, ‘California Wonder’ pepper and ‘Janie Gold’ marigold, were grown in 132 cm3 (8.05 in3) cell packs containing one of 2 commercial media, Fafard #3 or Pro-Mix BX. Treatments included moisture stress (MS), 2 concentrations of B-nine (2500 ppm applied twice and 5000 ppm once), and an untreated control. Method of height control and medium type had an interactive influence on height for each of the 3 species. Moisture stress tomato and marigold were shorter in the Fafard #3 medium compared to those in the Pro-Mix BX medium. Regardless of medium, MS tomato and marigold transplants were shorter or similar in size to the most effective B-nine treatment, 2500 ppm applied twice. Moisture stress and the B-nine treatments for pepper plants grown in the Fafard #3 medium reduced plant height similarly compared to the controls. However, when pepper plants were grown in the Pro-Mix BX medium, only B-nine treatments reduced plant height compared to the controls. Treatments producing short plants did not reduce node number, hence plants appeared fuller than treatments with tall plants. Shoot dry weights for MS tomato and marigold were less than those of plants receiving the other height control treatments, regardless of medium type. Plants of all 3 species grown in the Fafard #3 medium had less shoot dry weight than Pro-Mix BX plants across the 4 height control treatments.

scholarly journals Water Deficit and Recovery-Induced Changes in Growth, Photosynthetic Characteristics, Antioxidant Enzymes and Yield of Two Tartary Buckwheat Genotypes

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (02) ◽  
pp. 483-491
Author(s):  
Yan Wan
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Tartary Buckwheat ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Branch Number ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Stem Node ◽  
Shoot Ratio ◽  
Root To Shoot Ratio

Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) is an important food crop that is widely adaptable to hostile environments. In this study the responses of two Tartary buckwheat genotypes: drought-susceptible Chuanqiao No. 1 (CQ) and drought-tolerant Jingqiao No. 2 (JQ) in terms of morphology, photosynthesis, physiology and yield to a progressive water deficit and recovery treatment (WD-R) were evaluated. Plants in the well-watered (WW) treatment were watered throughout the experiment. Compared to the WW treatment, water deficit in the WD-R treatment caused decreases in plant height, stem diameter, branch number, stem node number, biomass, seed number, soil water content (SWC), leaf relative water content (RWC), net photosynthesis rate (Pn), intercellular CO2 concentration, stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr) and Fv/Fm in both CQ and JQ plants. Leaf wilting, malondialdehyde content, superoxide dismutase activity, peroxidase activity, initial fluorescence (F0) and root-to-shoot ratio were significantly increased under water stress in the WD-R treatment. Under the WD-R treatment, compared to CQ, JQ maintained higher RWC, SWC, Pn, Gs, WUE, Fv/Fm, plant height, branch number, stem node number, root biomass, stem biomass, leaf biomass, total biomass, root-to-shoot ratio, seed number per plant, and yield, but a lower Tr and F0. By correlation analysis, Gs was positively correlated with leaf RWC and SWC. These differential growth indexes, biochemical traits and physiological responses might be useful for understanding drought-tolerance genotypes that can grow under water-deficit conditions with minimum yield loss. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

scholarly journals Controlling Height with Temperature

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Berghage
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Formation Rate ◽  
Internode Length ◽  
Temperature Management ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Height Control ◽  
Average Temperature

Temperature management has emerged as an important tool for plant height control in greenhouse production systems. This is particularly important in vegetable transplant production where chemical controls for plant height are limited or not legal. Plant height is a function of the number of nodes and the length of each internode, and both are strongly influenced by greenhouse temperatures. Node number, or formation rate, is primarily a function of the average greenhouse temperature, increasing as the average temperature increases. Internode length is strongly influenced by the relationship between the day and night temperature, commonly referred to as DIF (day temperature - night temperature). As DIF increases, so does internode length in most plant species studied. Although the nature and magnitude of temperature effects vary with species, cultivar, and environmental conditions, these two basic responses can be used to modify transplant growth. Although data are limited, controlling transplant height with temperature does not appear to adversely influence plant establishment or subsequent yield.

scholarly journals Morphological Trait QTL Mapping in Tomato Recombinant Inbred Line Population

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 788D-788
Author(s):  
I. Paran ◽  
I.L. Goldman ◽  
D. Zamir
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Recombinant Inbred ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽  
Rflp Analysis ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Marker Loci ◽  
Trait Locus

Quantitative trait loci influencing morphological traits were identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis in a population of recombinant inbred lines (RIL) derived from a cross of the cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) with a related wild species (L. cheesmanii). One-hundred-thirty-two polymorphic RFLP loci spaced throughout the tomato genome were scored for 97 RIL families. Morphological traits, including plant height, fresh weight, node number, first flower-bearing node, leaf length at nodes three and four, and number of branches, were measured in replicated trials during 1991, 1992, and 1993. Significant (P ≤ 0.01 level) quantitative trait locus (QTL) associations of marker loci were identified for each trait. Lower plant height, more branches, and shorter internode length were generally associated with RFLP alleles from the L. cheesmanii parent. QTL with large effects on a majority of the morphological traits measured were detected at chromosomes 2, 3, and 4. Large additive effects were measured at significant marker loci for many of the traits measured. Several marker loci exhibited significant associations with numerous morphological traits, suggesting their possible linkage to genes controlling growth and development processes in Lycopersicon.

scholarly journals Brace root phenotypes predict root lodging susceptibility and the contribution to anchorage in maize

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley N Hostetler ◽  
Lindsay Erndwein ◽  
Jonathan W Reneau ◽  
William Cantera ◽  
Adam Stager ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Prediction Accuracy ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Plant Biomechanics ◽  
Root Lodging

A changing global climate brings increasingly prevalent and severe storms that threaten crop production by imparting mechanical stresses. Plant failure due to mechanical stress is termed lodging and in the United States, yield loss due to lodging has been estimated at 7-25% for maize (Zea mays). In maize, the presence of specialized aerial brace roots has been shown to increase anchorage and root lodging resistance. However, beyond scoring for presence, there have been limited attempts to define the brace root phenotypes that optimize anchorage. This study reports variable root lodging and plant biomechanics in a population of 52 maize inbred lines. To quantify the variation in brace root phenotypes within this population, a semi-automated phenotyping workflow was developed. These empirical measurements were integrated into predictive random forest models to demonstrate that brace root phenotypes can classify root lodging incidence and plant biomechanics. The prediction accuracy of these models is driven by multiple brace root phenotypes suggesting that anchorage can be optimized by the manipulation of multiple functional traits. Plant height has been previously associated with lodging susceptibility yet the inclusion of plant height as a predictor does not always improve prediction accuracy. Previously, brace root node number has been shown to be genetically linked to plant height and here we show that additional brace root phenotypes are linked to plant height but with opposing effects on root lodging susceptibility. Together these data define the important brace root phenotypes that predict root lodging resistance and demonstrate the need to uncouple the linkage between plant height and root traits for the development of climate resilient crops.

scholarly journals Comparing Flowering Responses of Long-day Plants under Incandescent and Two Commercial Light-emitting Diode Lamps

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 490-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumiko Kohyama ◽  
Catherine Whitman ◽  
Erik S. Runkle
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Daily Light Integral ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Long Day Plants ◽  
Light Integral

When the natural daylength is short, commercial growers of ornamental long-day plants (LDP) often provide low-intensity lighting to more rapidly and uniformly induce flowering. Incandescent (INC) lamps have been traditionally used for photoperiodic lighting because their spectrum, rich in red [R (600 to 700 nm)] and far-red [FR (700 to 800 nm)] light, is effective and they are inexpensive to purchase and install. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are much more energy efficient, can emit wavelengths of light that specifically regulate flowering, and last at least 20 times longer. We investigated the efficacy of two new commercial LED products developed for flowering applications on the LDP ageratum (Ageratum houstonianum), calibrachoa (Calibrachoa ×hybrida), two cultivars of dianthus (Dianthus chinensis), and two cultivars of petunia (Petunia ×hybrida). Plants were grown under a 9-hour short day without or with a 4-hour night interruption (NI) delivered by one of three lamp types: INC lamps (R:FR = 0.59), LED lamps with R and white (W) diodes [R + W (R:FR = 53.35)], and LED lamps with R, W, and FR diodes [R + W + FR (R:FR = 0.67)]. The experiment was performed twice, both at a constant 20 °C, but the photosynthetic daily light integral (DLI) during the second replicate (Rep. II) was twice that in the first (Rep. I). In all crops and in both experimental replicates, time to flower, flower or inflorescence and node number, and plant height were similar under the R + W + FR LEDs and the INC lamps. However, in Rep. I, both petunia cultivars developed more nodes and flowering was delayed under the R + W LEDs compared with the INC or R + W + FR LEDs. In Rep. II, petunia flowering time and node number were similar under the three NI treatments. Plant height of both dianthus cultivars was generally shorter under the NI treatment without FR light (R + W LEDs). These results indicate that when the DLI is low (e.g., ≤6 mol·m−2·d−1), FR light is required in NI lighting for the most rapid flowering of some but not all LDP; under a higher DLI, the flowering response to FR light in NI lighting is apparently diminished.

scholarly journals 630 Growth Regulators Affect the Morphology and Flowering of Argyranthemum, Calibrachoa, and Orthosiphon

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 506B-506
Author(s):  
Hope K. Onken ◽  
Terri W. Starman
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Internode Length ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Internode Elongation ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Node Number ◽  
New Crops ◽  
Pedicle Length ◽  
Plant Form

Argyranthemum frutescens `Sugar Baby', Calibrachoa hybrid `Million Bells Cherry Pink', and Orthosiphon stamineus `Lavender' are three vegetatively propagated specialty annuals that are recent introductions into the floriculture industry. It is important to understand how the growth and development of these new crops is best controlled. Rooted cuttings of these three species where transplanted into 10-cm pots on 7 Oct. and the plant growth regulator treatments were applied on 19 Oct. 1999. Foliar spray treatments included ancymidol at 66 and 132, daminozide at 2500 and 5000, paclobutrazol at 20 and 40, ethephon at 500 and 1000, and uniconazole at 10 and 20 mg/L. Uniconazole medium drench treatment was applied at 1 and 2 mg/L. Control was a water foliar spray. At harvest, plant height, plant width, number of flowers, pedicle length, stem length, stem node number and internode length, and fresh and dry weights were measured. Uniconazole spray at 20 mg/L reduced plant height and width without affecting the fresh and dry weights of Argyranthemum. Flower number was increased and pedicel length was reduced. The overall plant height and width of Calibrachoa were not reduced with 20 mg /L uniconazole foliar spray, but plant form was improved by decreased internode elongation. Uniconazole foliar spray at 20 mg/L reduced Orthosiphon stem and internode length. Ethephon reduced plant height, plant width, and flower number of all species. Branching and days to flower were increased in Orthosiphon. In all species, daminozide and paclobutrazol were found to be ineffective, while ancymidol spray and uniconazole drench stunted and distorted growth.

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