On the stability of U.S. politics: post-sample forecasts and refinements of the Congleton–Shughart models of Social Security and Medicare benefit levels

Public Choice ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 183 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 101-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger D. Congleton ◽  
Youngshin Kim ◽  
Alexander Marsella
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Medicare Benefit ◽  
The Stability

scholarly journals Middle-Income Groups in Kenya. Conflicting Realities Between Upward Mobility and Uncertainty

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieter Neubert
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Science Studies ◽  
Upward Mobility ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Democratic Development ◽  
The People ◽  
Empirical Social Science ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The One

For more than a decade scholars mostly from economy and development studies have described the rise of a newly emerging ‘middle class’ in the Global South including Africa. This has led to a ‘middle class narrative’ with the ‘middle class’ as the backbone of economic and democratic development. Especially with regard to the stability of the position of the people in the ‘middle’, empirical social science studies challenge the ‘middle class narrative’ and at their uncertainty and insecurity. This tension between upward mobility at the one hand uncertainty and instability at the other hand (the vulnerability-security nexus) and the options to cope with this challenge under the condition of limited provision of formal social security is the focus of this case study on Kenya. Instead of an analysis of inequality based on income, it is more helpful to start from the welfare mix and the role of social networks as main elements of provision of social security. Against this background, we identify different strategies of coping that go together with different sets of values and lifestyles, conceptualised as milieus, that are not determined by the socio-economic situation.

The Pay and Conditions of Merchant Seamen

2012 ◽  
pp. 127-152
Author(s):  
Ralph Davis
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Lump Sum ◽  
Legislative Regulation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter studies the conditions of crewmen during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries through the systems of payment and wages. It explores the methods by which wages were calculated - such as through shares of the ship’s earnings or payment in lump sum, often the case for shorter voyages. It finds that peace and wartime rates differed, and seeks to determine the reasons for the stability of peacetime wages. It then breaks down the crew roles and their payment rates, and compares the difference between master, mate, and carpenter wages. It give further attention to legislative regulation; advance payments; contributions to social security; and portage. The relationship between wages for slave trade cargoes also comes under consideration, due to disputes over crew requests to carry slaves freight free. Finally, it looks at the difficulties and dangers of the seafaring life, in order to determine why so many men took the risks involved in a career at sea.

The Stability of Social Security in the United States: The Need for a Durable Institutional Design

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 397-415
Author(s):  
KENZO YOSHIDA
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Institutional Design ◽  
The United States ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Social Security Systems ◽  
Social Security Act ◽  
Simple Evaluation ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Parametric Adjustment

AbstractStability is one of the most crucial elements of social security systems. Although the United States is famous – some might say notorious – for drastic changes to its socio-economic structure (including its welfare programmes), its Social Security is the most secure and unchanged public pension programme among major Western countries. In the restructuring age of welfare states, public pensions have been reformed several times in Japan and various European countries, with an overhaul of benefits and taxes. However, Social Security in the US has not undergone such reforms in the three decades since the Social Security Act was amended in 1983, but has experienced relatively better financial conditions. This paper investigates the extent to which Social Security has remained stable during a time when welfare states are going through a crisis. The comparative analysis for stability consists of three steps: (1) a simple evaluation of the frequency of reforms among six countries; (2) a comparison of the scales of parametric adjustment and components of structural reform; and (3) confirming current financial sustainability to check for ‘false stability’ using individual government reports. This paper also studies stability factors, including an institutional design that is durable in this changing environment.

scholarly journals SOCIAL SECURITY OF THE DAGESTAN POPULATION IN the 1930’S: PROBLEMS AND WAYS OF THEIR SOLUTION

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 89-95
Author(s):  
Madina M. Amirkhanova
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The State ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Mutual Aid ◽  
Disabled People ◽  
Employment Benefits ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Stability

This paper is devoted to the development of the pension system in Dagestan in the 1930s.  This problem is an important part of the social policy of the State; because the stability of the society depends on a social population well-being. This research has great scientific significance, because before this other researchers have not studied it. The actual study is mostly based on the new archive materials. In these documents have confirmation that the living standard of the population was low in under study period. The pensions were granted only to the factory and office workers of the State institutions and enterprises and not to the peasants. Also peasants were deficient of social privileges. In archives were found reports that the highly significant progress has been achieved with respect to employment benefits for the blind and deaf in the 1930s. All public institutions and government owned companies in Dagestan were obliged by law to employ disabled people, as vell as provided access to training and retraining when possible. Disabled people were provided with light working professions. The advantage of the mothers of multiple children, order of establishing their state allowance is shown, is also studied. In research was identified the role of the Peasant's mutual aid Committee in the social welfare for disabled villagers. The discovered documents enriches the general knowledge about the rules of social security of certain categories of the population of Dagestan are studied in this paper.

Open discussion

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 ◽  
pp. 605-613
Author(s):  
P. S. Conti
Keyword(s):  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Large Mass ◽  
List Type ◽  
Common Phenomenon ◽  
Open Discussion ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Ring Nebulae

Conti: One of the main conclusions of the Wolf-Rayet symposium in Buenos Aires was that Wolf-Rayet stars are evolutionary products of massive objects. Some questions:–Do hot helium-rich stars, that are not Wolf-Rayet stars, exist?–What about the stability of helium rich stars of large mass? We know a helium rich star of ∼40 MO. Has the stability something to do with the wind?–Ring nebulae and bubbles : this seems to be a much more common phenomenon than we thought of some years age.–What is the origin of the subtypes? This is important to find a possible matching of scenarios to subtypes.

Symmetric Multistep Methods Revisited: II. Numerical Experiments

1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 309-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Fukushima
Keyword(s):  
Multistep Methods ◽  
Computational Time ◽  
Integration Time ◽  
Implicit Methods ◽  
Symmetric Methods ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Predictor Corrector ◽  
Symmetric Multistep Methods ◽  
Integration Errors

AbstractBy using the stability condition and general formulas developed by Fukushima (1998 = Paper I) we discovered that, just as in the case of the explicit symmetric multistep methods (Quinlan and Tremaine, 1990), when integrating orbital motions of celestial bodies, the implicit symmetric multistep methods used in the predictor-corrector manner lead to integration errors in position which grow linearly with the integration time if the stepsizes adopted are sufficiently small and if the number of corrections is sufficiently large, say two or three. We confirmed also that the symmetric methods (explicit or implicit) would produce the stepsize-dependent instabilities/resonances, which was discovered by A. Toomre in 1991 and confirmed by G.D. Quinlan for some high order explicit methods. Although the implicit methods require twice or more computational time for the same stepsize than the explicit symmetric ones do, they seem to be preferable since they reduce these undesirable features significantly.

Uniformity of Magnification from Different Electron Microscopes

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 32-33
Author(s):  
Godfrey C. Hoskins ◽  
V. Williams ◽  
V. Allison
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Grating ◽  
The Other ◽  
Carbon Replica ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
The Stability

The method demonstrated is an adaptation of a proven procedure for accurately determining the magnification of light photomicrographs. Because of the stability of modern electrical lenses, the method is shown to be directly applicable for providing precise reproducibility of magnification in various models of electron microscopes.A readily recognizable area of a carbon replica of a crossed-line diffraction grating is used as a standard. The same area of the standard was photographed in Phillips EM 200, Hitachi HU-11B2, and RCA EMU 3F electron microscopes at taps representative of the range of magnification of each. Negatives from one microscope were selected as guides and printed at convenient magnifications; then negatives from each of the other microscopes were projected to register with these prints. By deferring measurement to the print rather than comparing negatives, correspondence of magnification of the specimen in the three microscopes could be brought to within 2%.

Effect of Improved ThO2 Particle Dispersion in Nickel on High-Temperature Strength

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 444-445
Author(s):  
E. R. Kimmel ◽  
H. L. Anthony ◽  
W. Scheithauer
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Metal Matrix ◽  
Oxide Particle ◽  
Oxide Phase ◽  
Dislocation Motion ◽  
Particle Dispersion ◽  
High Temperature Strength ◽  
Strengthening Effect ◽  
Oxide Particles ◽  
The Stability

The strengthening effect at high temperature produced by a dispersed oxide phase in a metal matrix is seemingly dependent on at least two major contributors: oxide particle size and spatial distribution, and stability of the worked microstructure. These two are strongly interrelated. The stability of the microstructure is produced by polygonization of the worked structure forming low angle cell boundaries which become anchored by the dispersed oxide particles. The effect of the particles on strength is therefore twofold, in that they stabilize the worked microstructure and also hinder dislocation motion during loading.

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