Production of somatic embryos and shoots from sugarbeet callus: Effects of abscisic acid, other growth regulators, nitrogen source, sucrose concentration and genotype

Having produced the embryos of cactusCopiapoa tenuissimaRitt. formamonstruosaat the globular stage and callus, we investigated the effect of abscisic acid (ABA) in the following concentrations: 0, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μM on successive stages of direct (DSE) and indirect somatic embryogenesis (ISE). In the indirect somatic embryogenesis process we also investigated a combined effect of ABA (0, 0.1, 1 μM) and sucrose (1, 3, 5%). The results showed that a low concentration of ABA (0-1 μM) stimulates the elongation of embryos at the globular stage and the number of correct embryos in direct somatic embryogenesis, while a high ABA concentration (10–100 μM) results in growth inhibition and turgor pressure loss of somatic embryos. The indirect somatic embryogenesis study in this cactus suggests that lower ABA concentrations enhance the increase in calli fresh weight, while a high concentration of 10 μM ABA or more changes calli color and decreases its proliferation rate. However, in the case of indirect somatic embryogenesis, ABA had no effect on the number of somatic embryos and their maturation. Nevertheless, we found a positive effect of sucrose concentration for both the number of somatic embryos and the increase in calli fresh weight.

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Plant Recovery from Sweetpotato Somatic Embryos

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.7.795 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (7) ◽

pp. 795-797 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Raymond P. Chée ◽

Jonathan R. Schultheis ◽

Daniel J. Cantliffe

Keyword(s):

Growth Regulators ◽

Plant Development ◽

Somatic Embryos ◽

Ipomoea Batatas ◽

Sucrose Concentration ◽

Basal Medium ◽

Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽

Stage Of Development ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Root Axis

Plant formation from somatic embryos in response to BAP, NAA, and sucrose was studied in sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.]. A maximum of 15% embryos at the torpedo stage of development formed plants of agar-solidified basal medium containing 3% sucrose and no growth regulators. The percentage of embryos forming shoots was increased to 53% by 4 μm BAP, but BAP reduced whole plant formation and promoted callusing at the root axis end of embryos. The frequency of plant development was increased to 38% by adding 0.1 μm NAA to the basal medium. Reducing sucrose concentration to 1.6% in basal medium increased the frequency of plant development to 32%. Chemical names used: 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP; α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).

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Somatic Embryogenesis and In vitro Plant Regeneration in Vigna trilobata (L.) Verd. - A Potential Pasture Legume

Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology ◽

10.3329/ptcb.v19i1.4990 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 89-99

Author(s):

K. Choudhary ◽

M. Singh ◽

M. S. Rathore ◽

N. S. Shekhawat

Keyword(s):

Somatic Embryogenesis ◽

Growth Regulators ◽

Somatic Embryos ◽

Basal Medium ◽

Long Term Study ◽

Continuous Application ◽

First Time ◽

Pasture Legume

This long term study demonstrates for the first time that it is possible to propagate embryogenic Vigna trilobata and to subsequently initiate the differentiation of embryos into complete plantlets. Initiation of callus was possible on 2,4-D. Somatic embryos differentiated on modified MS basal nutrient medium with 1.0 mg/l of 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/l of Kn. Sustained cell division resulted in globular and heart shape stages of somatic embryos. Transfer of embryos on to a fresh modified MS basal medium with 0.5 mg/l of Kn and 0.5 mg/l of GA3 helped them to attain maturation and germination. However, the propagation of cells, as well as the differentiation of embryos, were inhibited by a continuous application of these growth regulators. For this reason, a long period on medium lacking these growth regulators was necessary before the differentiation of embryos occurred again. The consequences for improving the propagation of embryogenic cultures in Vigna species are discussed. Key words: Pasture legume, Vigna trilobata, Globular, Heart shape, somatic embryogenesis D.O.I. 10.3329/ptcb.v19i1.4990 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 19(1): 89-99, 2009 (June)

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Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Development in Eight Cultivars of Pecan

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.5.573 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (5) ◽

pp. 573-576 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

I.E. Yates ◽

C.C. Reilly

Keyword(s):

Somatic Embryogenesis ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Plant Growth Regulators ◽

Growth Regulators ◽

Plant Development ◽

Fruit Development ◽

Somatic Embryos ◽

Carya Illinoensis ◽

Appreciable Variation

The influence of stage of fruit development and plant growth regulators on somatic embryogenesis and the relation of cultivar response on somatic embryogenesis and subsequent plant development have been investigated in eight cultivars of pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch]. Explants from the micropylar region of the ovule were more embryogenic when removed from fruits in the liquid endosperm stage than were intact ovules from less-mature fruits or from cotyledonary segments of more-mature fruits. Explants conditioned on medium containing auxin alone or auxin + cytokinin produced more somatic embryos than medium containing cytokinin alone. Under the conditions of this study, frequency of embryogenesis, as well as the germination of somatic embryos leading to plant development, indicated appreciable variation among cultivars. Plant development was greatest by far from somatic embryos of `Schley' than other cultivars studied.

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The role of exogenous plant regulators in the dormancy of onion bulbs

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600050280 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 82 (1) ◽

pp. 113-116 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

M. Abdel-Rahman ◽

F. M. R. Isenberg

Keyword(s):

Abscisic Acid ◽

Growth Regulators ◽

Maleic Hydrazide ◽

Rest Period ◽

Storage Period ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Onion Bulbs ◽

Subsequent Application

SUMMARYExperiments were conducted to study the effect of plant injection with growth regulators on the dormancy of onion bulbs cv. Elba Globe. Application of abscisic acid induced early senescence of the leaves and prolonged the rest period of the bulbs. This effect was partially overcome by subsequent applications of gibberellin, auxin or cytokinin and totally overcome with the application of a mixture of the three hormones. Maleic hydrazide application prolonged the rest period by inhibiting both sprouting and rooting of the bulbs throughout the storage period. This inhibitory effect was not overcome by the subsequent application of auxin, gibberellin, kinetin, or their combinations. Ethephon application increased rooting of bulbs and partially overcame the effect of abscisic acid on dormancy.

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Longevity of wild pansy flowers treated with growth regulators

Ornamental Horticulture ◽

10.14295/oh.v24i2.1178 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 103-108

Author(s):

Tania Pires Da Silva ◽

Fernanda Ferreira Araujo ◽

Fernando Luiz Finger

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Abscisic Acid ◽

Growth Regulators ◽

Water Status ◽

Fluorescent Light ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Exogenous Ethylene ◽

Fourth Experiment ◽

And Control

The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth regulators action on the senescence of wild pansy flowers. In the first experiment, floral stems were treated with ethylene for 24 hours at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, 10, 100 and 1000 μL L-1 and control without the hormone. In a second experiment, the flowers were immersed in solutions of abscisic acid (ABA) containing 5, 20, 50 and 100 μM for one minute and control with water. In a third experiment, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) was applied at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 μL L-1 and control without the chemical. In a fourth experiment, 1-MCP and ethylene were applied, where 1-MCP was first applied followed by ethylene. After the treatments with 1-MCP and ethylene, the floral stems were removed from the hermetic chambers and kept in a vessel containing distilled water at 25 °C, 10 μmol m-2 s- 1 white fluorescent light and 50-70% relative humidity as for the ABA treatment. Flowers treated with ethylene did not present significant differences among the concentrations for visual senescence, showing evidence that this flower is not sensitive to ethylene. Treatment with 1000 μL L-1 of ethylene led to a slightly higher fresh weight loss than other treatments, which had a loss of about 33% at end of the experiment. For the ABA treatment, the flowers showed similar fresh weight loss among the different treatments; however, higher concentrations induced slight senescence of flowers. The use of 1-MCP increased the longevity of wild pansy flowers. These results show that 1-MCP is beneficial in maintaining the flower water status, even in the presence of exogenous ethylene, although ethylene may not be directly involved in the senescence of wild pansy flowers.

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Effects of the growth regulators for the induction of somatic embryos from explants in an endemic and threatened Echinocactus parryi Engelm.

REVISTA CHAPINGO SERIE CIENCIAS FORESTALES Y DEL AMBIENTE ◽

10.5154/r.rchscfa.2020.08.053 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 431-447

Author(s):

Dolores Adilene García-González ◽

◽

María del Socorro Santos-Díaz ◽

Juan Pedro Flores-Margez ◽

Pedro Osuna-Ávila ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Regulators ◽

Somatic Embryos ◽

Histological Analysis ◽

Globular Stage ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Four Levels ◽

Green Callus ◽

Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽

Mature Seeds

Introduction: The list of threatened species is enhancing and needs to be revised by integrating plant tissue culture tools with conventional techniques that support the appropriate management of these species. Objective: To assess the effects of the growth regulators for the induction of somatic embryos from mature seeds, shoots, and compact green callus of Echinocactus parryi Engelm. and the histological analysis of the embryogenic structures. Materials and methods: A completely randomized design was utilized to evaluate three types of explants (apical, medium, and basal) cultured on basal Murashige & Skoog media (MS) with different growth regulators concentrations (2, 4-D [dichlorophenoxy acetic acid], BAP [6-benzylaminopurine] and kinetin, at four levels: 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mg∙L -1 ). Histological analysis of the embryogenic structures was performed. Results and discussion: The 2, 4-D induced both embryogenic and organogenic callus from seeds and shoot explants. The globular stage did not evolve to their maturity, presumably because of 2, 4-D accumulation. The compact callus explants were the more efficient to induce 19.2 somatic embryos per explant when they were cultured in the medium with 0.5 mg∙L -1 kinetin. However, the latest phases did not germinate, probably due to abnormalities generated by genetic and epigenetic changes in the DNA that can cause abnormal somatic embryos. The histology image demonstrated that the globular and torpedo structures were visible under a microscope showing stained nucleus and numerous starch grains. Conclusions: E. parryi is a species that can produce a high number of embryogenic structures, which represents a great potential to grow massive plants.

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High-frequency Somatic Embryogenesis from Quiescent Seed Cotyledons of Cucumis melo Cultivars

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.118.3.425 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 118 (3) ◽

pp. 425-432 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

D.J. Gray ◽

D.W. McColley ◽

Michael E. Compton

Keyword(s):

Somatic Embryogenesis ◽

Embryo Development ◽

High Frequency ◽

Somatic Embryos ◽

Cucumis Melo ◽

Sucrose Concentration ◽

Male Sterile ◽

Embryo Induction ◽

Initial Culture ◽

Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

A protocol for high-frequency somatic embryogenesis in Cucumis melo L. was developed using `Male Sterile A147 as a model cultivar. Basal halves of quiescent seed cotyledons were cultured on embryo induction (EI) medium containing concentration ranges of the auxin 2,4-D and the cytokinins BA, Bin, TDZ, or 2iP before transfer to embryo development (ED) medium. Medium with 2,4-D at 5 mg·liter-1 and TDZ at 0.1 mg·liter-1 was superior, with 49% of explants responding and an average of 3.3 somatic embryos per explant (6.8 somatic embryos per responding explant). More explants produced embryos when incubated on EI medium for 1 or 2 weeks (30% and 33%) than for 3 or 4 weeks or with no induction. However, 2 weeks was 2.9 times better than 1 week in terms of number of embryos per explant. One week of initial culture in darkness, followed by a 16 hour light/8 hour dark photoperiod, produced more responding explants (26%) than two or more weeks in darkness or no dark period at all; but 1 and 2 weeks of darkness resulted in a similar number of embryos per explant (2.1 and 2.8). Sucrose concentration in EI and ED media had a highly significant effect on embryo induction and development. EI medium with 3% sucrose resulted in more embryogenic explants than EI medium with 1.5% or 6% sucrose. However, treatments with 3% sucrose in EI medium and 3% or 6% sucrose in ED medium produced significantly more embryos per explant (8.5 and 11.9) than other treatments. Treatments did not affect embryo induction directly and regeneration per se but, instead, frequency and efficiency of somatic embryo development. The optimal treatments were tested with 51 other commercial varieties. All varieties underwent somatic embryogenesis, exhibiting a response of 5% to 100% explant response and 0.1-20.2 embryos per explant. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-lH-purin-6-amine (benzyladenine or BA); N-(2-furanylmethyl)-lH-purin-6-amine (kinetin or BIN); N-phenyl-N'-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea (thidiazuron or TDZ); N-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-lH-purin-6-amine (2iP); (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D).

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In vitro ROOTING OF TENERA HYBRID OIL PALM (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) PLANTS1

Revista Árvore ◽

10.1590/1806-90882017000400014 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marlúcia Souza Pádua ◽

Raíssa Silveira Santos ◽

Luciano Vilela Paiva ◽

Vanessa Cristina Stein ◽

Luciano Coutinho Silva

Keyword(s):

Somatic Embryogenesis ◽

Growth Regulators ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Somatic Embryos ◽

Large Scale ◽

Elaeis Guineensis ◽

Germination Percentage ◽

Shoot Length ◽

Indole Butyric Acid

ABSTRACT Oil palm is a woody monocot of economic importance due to high oil production from its fruits. Currently, the conventional method most used to propagate oil palm is seed germination, but success is limited by long time requirements and low germination percentage. An alternative for large-scale propagation of oil palm is the biotechnological technique of somatic embryogenesis. The rooting of plants germinated from somatic embryos is a difficult step, yet it is of great importance for later acclimatization and success in propagation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the auxins indole acetic acid (IAA) and indole butyric acid (IBA) on the rooting of somatic embryos of Tenera hybrid oil palm. Plants obtained by somatic embryogenesis were inoculated in modified MS medium with 10% sucrose and 0.6% agar and supplemented with IAA or IBA at concentrations of 5 µM, 10 µM, and 15 µM, and the absence of growth regulators. After 120 days, the presence of roots, root type, length of the longest root, number of roots, number of leaves, and shoot length were analyzed. Growth regulators were favorable to rooting; plants cultivated with IBA growth regulator at 15 µM showed higher rooting percentage (87%) and better results for the parameters of number of roots (1.33) and shoot length (9.83).

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Bioproduction of Diosgenin in Callus Cultures of Balanites aegyptiaca: Effect of Growth Regulators, Explants and Somatic Embryogenesis

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x0600100308 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 1934578X0600100

Author(s):

Bishnu P. Chapagain ◽

Vinod Saharan ◽

Dan Pelah ◽

Ram C. Yadav ◽

Zeev Wiesman

Keyword(s):

Somatic Embryogenesis ◽

Growth Regulators ◽

Embryogenic Callus ◽

Somatic Embryos ◽

Callus Formation ◽

Basal Medium ◽

Callus Cultures ◽

Suspension Cultures ◽

Balanites Aegyptiaca ◽

Basal Media

This study describes the effects of plant growth regulators, explants, and somatic embryogenesis on in vitro production of the steroidal sapogenin, diosgenin, in callus cultures of the Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del.(desert date). Root, shoot, hypocotyl, and epicotyl callus culture of B. aegyptiaca, were raised on MS basal media supplemented with various combinations of either 2,4-D and NAA alone, or with BAP. The diosgenin content (on a dry weight basis) was found to be highest when calli were cultured in MS basal medium supplemented with 1.0 mg l−1 2,4-D alone and/or in combination with 0.5 mg l−1 BAP. However, the callus growth was highest in media supplemented with 2.5 or 3.0 mg l−1 2,4-D. MS basal media supplemented with 2,4-D 2.5 mg l−1 alone and in combination with 0.5 mg l−1 BAP induced pre-embryogenic callus formation on root cultures. When these pre-embryogenic callus cultures were used to establish cell suspension cultures, two growth densities were obtained in embryogenic suspension cultures, inducing clusters of somatic embryos at various stages of development. The maximum number of somatic embryos were obtained at the fifth week on the medium supplemented with 1.0 mg l−1 2,4-D. However, the diosgenin content in these somatic cells was found to be lower compared to the explant calluses. This study revealed that production of diosgenin in callus cultures of B. aegyptiaca is possible, but the amount is significantly affected by the growth regulators, type of explants, and somatic embryogenesis.

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