scholarly journals Cross-country differences in drivers of female necessity entrepreneurship

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pau Sendra-Pons ◽  
Sara Belarbi-Muñoz ◽  
Dolores Garzón ◽  
Alicia Mas-Tur
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Qualitative Comparative Analysis ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Fear Of Failure ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Post Secondary Education ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor ◽  
Post Secondary ◽  
Necessity Entrepreneurship ◽  
Cross Country

AbstractThis paper analyzes the drivers of female necessity entrepreneurship using a sample of 59 countries, with data sourced from the 2018–2019 global entrepreneurship monitor (GEM). It develops a theoretical framework describing how post-secondary education, startup skills, fear of failure, knowing another entrepreneur, entrepreneurial intentions, and hiring expectations act as drivers of female necessity entrepreneurship. Using qualitative comparative analysis, two models are tested to explain the presence and absence of female necessity entrepreneurship. This outcome is measured using the GEM indicator of total early-stage entrepreneurial activity.

Cultural configurations and entrepreneurial realisation

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Torres ◽  
Mário Augusto
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Behavior ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Qualitative Comparative Analysis ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Antecedent Conditions ◽  
Entrepreneurial Behaviour

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to better understand the connection between culture and entrepreneurship in proposing and testing complex configurations of culturally endorsed implicit leadership theories (CLTs) and cultural practices that lead to entrepreneurial behaviour by studying entrepreneurial intentions (EI) and early-stage entrepreneurial activity (TEA) separately. Design/methodology/approach Using data from Globe Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) and Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) studies, a sample of 44 countries, and a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, several models for EI and TEA were developed. Findings The main findings provide a way of distinguishing between complex antecedent conditions that are required for each stage of the entrepreneurial realisation. The results empirically show that there is no ideal context – the path to stimulate entrepreneurship that works best for one country does not necessarily works the same for other countries. There are multiple paths to achieve the desired outcome. Research limitations/implications The data from the GLOBE study were not completely up to date, the effect of which was minimised by considering data from GEM that respects temporal ordering. Nevertheless, data from GEM suggest that there is a degree of stability in the data over time. Future research could replicate this study with a larger selection of countries and with new data, collected in a different way. Additionally, the inclusion of CLTs proposed in this study opens new opportunities for future research, by providing a new angle to look at the entrepreneurial realisation process. Practical implications This study advances research into the association of culture and entrepreneurship, and develops testable models using a configurational approach, thus confirming the suitability of asymmetric configuration analysis for entrepreneurial research. The results expand an understanding of the entrepreneurial process by showcasing the different complex antecedent conditions for EI and TEA. Depending on a country’s cultural profile, policy-makers should invest in the dimensions that enable their society to align with the model that best suits their own culture. The obtained models offer a framework for evaluating new interventions that aim to develop entrepreneurial behaviour in a specific country. Originality/value Different configurations showcase that there are alternative paths to achieving high levels of EI and TEA. The differences among the possible configurations for each stage of the entrepreneurial realisation are uncovered. Country profiles are identified, quantified, and then compared providing guidance for policy-makers.

scholarly journals Analysis Of Determinants Of Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity In Russia

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Pawęta ◽  
Yuri Kirillov
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor ◽  
Method Of Least Squares ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Attitudes And Perceptions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Monitor Data

Entrepreneurial activity is very important for the economic development of any country. The question often asked by researchers is: what causes growth in the level of entrepreneurial activity? In this paper we focused on the individual-level determinants of entrepreneurial activity – the attitudes and perceptions of entrepreneurship by individuals in the society. The objective of this research is to define how individual-level variables concerning opinions and beliefs in the society influence the early-stage entrepreneurship level in Russia. The research is based on the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data, which we employ using the method of least squares in order to find linear relationships between variables. The results show that two out of presented four hypotheses have been proven. The data presented show that the entrepreneurship activity in the country is positively related to individual-level perceptions of entrepreneurship in the society. These findings may be useful for further research on entrepreneurial intentions.

scholarly journals Enablers of Entrepreneurial Activity across the European Union—An Analysis Using GEM Individual Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Iolanda Vodă ◽  
Gina Ionela Butnaru ◽  
Rodica Cristina Butnaru
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Fear Of Failure ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Individual Data ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities

The objective of this study involves identifying the influence of different perceptual attributes on the likelihood of engaging in early-stage entrepreneurial activities (TEA). The study correspondingly applies individual data based on the statistics gathered from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) Adult Population Survey database for 18 European Countries in 2007 and 2014. We performed several logistic regression analyses in order to test the influence of some entrepreneurial attributes on the propensity to engage in TEA. We identified four perceptual determinants: Capability to identify opportunity; having the skills, knowledge and experience to start up a business; fear of failure; and knowing other entrepreneurs. We tested their effect along with some control variables and interaction effects. The results confirm the importance of these factors in explaining entrepreneurial activities across different economies.

ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY IN AMERICAN INDIAN NATIONS: EXTENDING THE GEM METHODOLOGY

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (02) ◽  
pp. 1350009
Author(s):  
REBECCA J. FRANKLIN ◽  
MICHAEL H. MORRIS ◽  
JUSTIN W. WEBB
Keyword(s):  
American Indian ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor ◽  
Nascent Entrepreneurship ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities ◽  
Indian Nations

Drawing on institutional theory and using a methodology adapted from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), early stage entrepreneurial activities are examined within American Indian nations. Examining a context within a larger institutional context, comparisons are made between three American Indian nations and the United States. Patterns are identified regarding total entrepreneurial activity (TEA), nascent entrepreneurship, business discontinuation and new and established business rates. Additional analyses are conducted of individual-level variables within American Indian nations including location, self-efficacy and other variables in relation to nascent entrepreneurship and business ownership. Implications are drawn for tribal entrepreneurship development and further extension of the GEM methodology.

scholarly journals The Impact of the 2008-2009 Global Crisis on Entrepreneurial Aspirations and Attitudes

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-126
Author(s):  
Halil Dincer Kaya
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
New Product ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fear Of Failure ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
High Status ◽  
Global Crisis ◽  
Entrepreneurial Attitudes ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWe examine the impact of the Global Crisis on entrepreneurial aspirations and entrepreneurial attitudes. We focus on three aspiration variables (Growth Expectation early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity, New Product early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity, and International Orientation early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity), and eight attitude variables (Entrepreneurial Intention, Entrepreneurship as Desirable Career Choice, Fear of Failure Rate, High Status Successful Entrepreneurship, Know Startup Entrepreneur Rate, Media Attention for Entrepreneurship, Perceived Capabilities, and Perceived Opportunities). Our results show that, two of the attitude variables have changed significantly three years after the crisis. Entrepreneurial Intention is significantly higher in 2011 (i.e. three years after the crisis started) when compared to 2008, and Know Startup Entrepreneur Rate is significantly lower in 2011 when compared to 2008. On the other hand, we find no significant change in any of the aspiration variables.

scholarly journals The value of entrepreneurship by gender on regional behaviour

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Crecente ◽  
María Sarabia ◽  
María Teresa del Val
Keyword(s):  
Women Entrepreneurs ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Regional Convergence ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor ◽  
Female Entrepreneurship ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Entrepreneurial Organization ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThis paper examines how the value of entrepreneurship by gender is related to regional behaviour. Researchers have traditionally defined entrepreneurial organization as separate to gender and to economic growth. Using the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) we complete a dataset of 50 countries using variables such as total early-stage entrepreneurial activity (TEA) and opportunity-driven entrepreneurial activity (OPP). The methodology used proposes an analysis of regional convergence, comparing the evolution over time of both the rate of entrepreneurial activity and the ratios of opportunity-driven and need-driven entrepreneurial activity, distinguishing by gender. On the other hand, a regression model is proposed that explains the greater presence of female entrepreneurship. The results show that entrepreneurship by gender is an important factor to define different cluster of countries according to how men and women entrepreneurs create new economic opportunities.

Societal self-control and post-exit entrepreneurial intentions

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saurav Pathak
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Societal Level ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Gem Data

PurposeThe study examines the role that societal levels of self-control – behavioral and cognitive self-control – play in shaping entrepreneurial intentions after both favorable and unfavorable prior exits.Design/methodology/approachUsing Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) data set on the nature of entrepreneurial exits from 32 countries between 2007 and 2010 and supplementing this data set with country-level scores of behavioral and cognitive self-controls, the authors test five hypotheses on the effects of societal levels of self-control on post-exit entrepreneurial intentions.FindingsThe study finds that individuals who exit entrepreneurship for negative reasons (versus positive reasons) are more likely to form entrepreneurial intentions. Further, societal levels of self-control moderate this likelihood.Originality/valueThe study invokes the psychological construct of self-control in the context of entrepreneurship. The novelty lies in rendering self-control as also a higher order societal level construct and then also empirically testing the role that societal self-control plays in shaping entrepreneurial intentions after prior exits. Societal self-control accounts for cross-country variance in why individuals in some societies are better suited and capable to return to entrepreneurship despite unfavorable prior exits.

scholarly journals Women Entrepreneurship in Visegrad Region and its Drivers

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 1899-1910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Holienka ◽  
Zuzana Jančovičová ◽  
Zuzana Kovačičová
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Women Entrepreneurship ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities ◽  
Visegrád Countries

The aim of our paper is to analyze the quantitative aspects of entrepreneurial activity among female population, and to investigate for drivers of women involvement in early‑stage entrepreneurial activities in Visegrad countries (i.e. Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia and Poland). We employ Global Entrepreneurship Monitor national and individual level data for four consecutive years 2011 – 2014 (altogether 16,036 respondents). First, we analyze the main indicators of female entrepreneurial activity, including the inclusivity index, using the descriptive statistics methods. Second, we execute logistic regression analysis and look for the factors related to entering the entrepreneurial path among women in our region, while considering the opportunity and necessity motive dichotomy. Our results show that women in V4 region exhibit more sceptic attitudes towards entrepreneurship as well as low inclusion in entrepreneurial activity in all stages, compared to their male counterparts. Further in our analysis, we have identified the most important factors that act as women entrepreneurship drivers, considering its motivation. Our findings therefore unveil the problematic aspects of women entrepreneurship in Visegrad countries and point out the potential solutions. In our paper we further discuss these findings and their implications.

REVISITING POVERTY AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150008
Author(s):  
JOSÉ ERNESTO AMORÓS ◽  
LIZBETH MARTÍNEZ RAMÍREZ ◽  
LUCÍA RODRÍGUEZ-ACEVES ◽  
LINDA ELIZABETH RUIZ
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Necessity Entrepreneurship ◽  
Lower Effect ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities ◽  
The Relationship

Currently, the economic effect of entrepreneurship research has been highly associated with opportunity entrepreneurship, while necessity entrepreneurship has a lower effect. This manuscript revisits the relationship between poverty and entrepreneurial activity, mainly necessity-driven, analyzed by Amorós and Cristi (2011). We hypothesize that countries with a high pursuit of entrepreneurial activities reduce poverty, even if necessity-motivated entrepreneurship is developed. We test our hypothesis using Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data and the UN-UNDP, Human Development Index from 2010–2019. Our results reconfirm that total and necessity-motivated early-stage entrepreneurship both, have a positive effect on countries’ poverty reduction trends, especially in developing countries. We discuss the relevance of entrepreneurship activities on development beyond pure economic effects and highlight the importance of entrepreneurship in the pandemic situation caused by COVID-19, which is pushing more people into poverty situations.

Are social and traditional entrepreneurial intentions really that different?

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana C. Santos ◽  
Shahrokh Nikou ◽  
Malin Brännback ◽  
Eric W. Liguori
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Qualitative Comparative Analysis ◽  
Entrepreneurship Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
High Level ◽  
Practical Implications

PurposeBuilding on construal level theory (CLT), this study explores mental representations of entrepreneurial intentions (EIs) with different foci (i.e. social and commercial) among university students from Generations Y and Z.Design/methodology/approachUsing a sample of university students from the United States contacted through the Entrepreneurship Education Project, this study employs a configurational perspective—fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA)—to identify the pathways leading to EIs and social entrepreneurial intentions (SEIs).FindingsResults show that the configurations of conditions leading to the outcomes (EI and SEI) are not disparate but share far more similarities even when considering socially oriented antecedents, supporting the claim that students perceive both EIs with different foci as high-level construals. The results also demonstrate no differences within gender, but there are asymmetries between gender in the configurations leading to EI and SEI.Research limitations/implicationsThis study contributes to EI literature by providing new insights into understanding how individuals perceive EIs at an early stage of entrepreneurship and by bringing CLT to the EI literature.Practical implicationsThese results have implications for entrepreneurship education and practice, as it recognizes that students' EIs are psychologically distant, lacking a level of detail and specificity. This would explain why students do not immediately create ventures, but that entrepreneurship has a certain incubation time to create an entrepreneurial mindset.Originality/valueExploring the configurational approaches can help to uncover the complexity and idiosyncrasies underlying EIs.

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