The future is now: revolution of RNA-mediated gene silencing in plant protection against insect pests and diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 643-662
Author(s):  
Fook-Hwa Lim ◽  
Omar Abd Rasid ◽  
Abdul Wahab Mohd As’wad ◽  
Ganesan Vadamalai ◽  
Ghulam Kadir Ahmad Parveez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Silencing ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
The Future

scholarly journals Epidemiology and forecasting of insect-pests and diseases for value-added agro-advisory

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-276
Author(s):  
AMRENDER KUMAR ◽  
A. K. JAIN ◽  
B. K. BHATTACHARYA ◽  
VINOD KUMAR ◽  
A. K. MISHRA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Learning Approach ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
Machine Learning Approach

Models are means to capture, condense and organize knowledge. These are expressions, which represent relationship between various components of a system. A well-tested weather-based model can be an effective scientific tool for forewarning insect-pests and diseases in advance so that timely plant protection measures could be taken up. Various types of techniques have been developed for the purpose. The simplest technique forms the class of thumb rules, which are based on experience. Though these do not have much scientific background but are extensively used to provide quick forewarning of the menace. Another tool in practice is regression model that represents relationship between two or more variables so that one variable can be predicted from the other (s). Linear and non-linear regression models have been widely used in studying relationship of insect-pests and diseases with time and weather variables (as such or in some transformed forms). With the advent of computers more sophisticated techniques such as simulation modelling and machine learning approach such as decision tree induction algorithms, genetic algorithms, neural networks, rough sets, etc. have been explored. A number of simulation models have been developed all over the world for quantifying effects of various factors including weather on agriculture.  These may provide a good forecast but require detailed data base, which may not be available. Machine learning approach has recently received some attention. As opposed to traditional model-based methods, machine learning approach is self adaptive methods in that there are a few a priori assumptions about the models for problem(s) under study. This technique learns more from examples and captures subtle functional relationships among the data even if the underlying relationships are unknown or hard to describe.  This modelling approach with ability to learn from experience is very useful for many practical problems provided enough data are available. Remotely sensed data can provide useful information relating to area under the crop and also the condition thereof. It has certain advantages over land use statistics due to multi-spectral, synoptic and repetitive coverage. An attempt has been made for accurate estimation of area affected by insect-pests and diseases in crops along with accurate assessment of damage due to the same are possible for providing compensation to farmers. In this study, an Integrated Decision Support System (IDSS) for Crop Protection Services is also discussed.  

scholarly journals Yield enhancement of chilli through integrated crop management in Kalaburagi district of Karnataka, India

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 907-909
Author(s):  
Raju Raju ◽  
G. Teggelli ◽  
Siddappa Siddappa ◽  
Zaheer Ahamad ◽  
Anand Naik
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Crop Management ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Yield Enhancement ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Integrated Crop Management ◽  
Farmer Practices

One of the major reasons of low productivity in chilli is the lack of technical knowledge of the farmers about judicious and timely implementation of the management strategies against the major biotic stresses (insect pests and diseases) which ultimately reduce its return. Considering the integrated crop management on need based plant protection in vegetables was conducted in farmer’s fields at different villages of the Kalaburagi district, under northern part of Karnataka, during the period from 2011-12 to 2013-14 show the productivity potential and profitability of improved technologies. The results showed that, on an average the highest yield achieved by adopting integrated crop management was 260.17 quintals ha-1, whereas the corresponding yield ranged under farmer’s practices was to 235.243 quintals ha-1 of green chillies. Adoption of integrated crop management will increase the yield 10.56% over farmer practices. The average technological gap, extension gap and technological index were noticed 139.83 quintals ha-1, 24.92 quintals ha-1 and 34.95 % respectively. The economics of data indicated that an average of Rs. 1,64,500 ha-1 was recorded net profit under recommended practices while it was Rs 129976.7 ha-1 under farmer practices. Cost benefit ratio was 3.07 under demonstration, while it was 2.35 under farmer practices. Practicing of integrated crop management with improved technologies will improve the farmer socio-economical level.

Eco-smart pest management in rice farming: prospects and challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (Special) ◽  
pp. 143-155
Author(s):  
SD Mohapatra ◽  
R Tripathi ◽  
Anjani Kumar ◽  
Suchismita Kar ◽  
Minati Mohapatra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Mobile Apps ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Pest Damage ◽  
Disruptive Technologies ◽  
Hyper Spectral ◽  
Rice Pest ◽  
Computer Based

The insect problem is accentuated in intensive rice cropping where the insects occur throughout the year in overlapping generations. Over 800 insect species damaging rice in one way or another, although the majority of them do very little damage. In India, about a dozen of insect species are of major importance but the economic damage caused by these species varies greatly from field to field and from year to year. Insect pests cause about 10-15 per cent yield losses. Farmers lose an estimated average of 37% of their rice crop to insect pests and diseases every year. This review focuses on precision farming tools being used in rice pest and diseases management viz., forecasting model for real-time pest-advisory services, hyper-spectral remote sensing in pest damage assessment, computer-based decision support system, disruptive technologies (mobile apps).

MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS AND DISEASES OF LITCHI AND LONGAN IN CHINA

2010 ◽  
pp. 621-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.Q. Hu ◽  
J. Chen ◽  
Z.J. Cai ◽  
R.J. Wu ◽  
X.X. Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Pests And Diseases

Economic Analysis of Production of Maize in Meghalaya and Constraints Associated with it

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dipriya R. Lyngkhoi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Net Return ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Average Return ◽  
Maize Cultivation

The present study was undertaken to estimate the costs and returns structure of maize cultivation and identifying the prominent production constraints in West Khasi Hills district of Meghalaya. A sample of 60 farmers was randomly drawn from six villages of Mawthadraishan and Nongstoin block of the selected district. The costs and returns per hectare were calculated on the basis of cost concepts and Garett ranking method was used for employed for determination of constraints in maize production. The overall cost of cultivation was found to be ` 37185.22 per ha and the major cost components were manures (48.25%) and human labour (34.73%). The overall net return was evaluated at ` 19038.20 with small, medium and large farmers having similar returns with the exception of marginal farmers gaining a net return of only ` 13889.83 which was 27.04 per cent lower than the average return among the sample farmers. It may be attributed to their heavy dependence on labour and lack of investment on irrigation, plant protection and better-quality seeds. The realised average yield was found to be 23.65 q/ha which was abysmally low compared to other maize producing states of India. A positive trend between the return over cost ratio and the operational holding was observed with an average of 1.51. The prominent constraints as perceived by the farmers were unfavorable weather conditions, the incidence of pests and diseases and costly fertilizers and manures with the Garrett’s score of 64.70, 62.75 and 54.40 respectively

scholarly journals The effects of a synthetic insecticide and a mineral oil on alfalfa insect pests

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 221-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivelina Nikolova ◽  
Natalia Georgieva
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Synthetic Insecticide ◽  
Combined Application ◽  
Negative Environmental Impact ◽  
Integrated Pest Control

The effects of the synthetic insecticide Eforia 043 ZK (thiamethoxam+lambdacyhalothrin), applied alone and at 1/5 and 2/5 reduced doses in a mix with the mineral oil Akarzin, on Tychius flavus Beck. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Adelphocoris lineolatus Goeze (Hemiptera: Miridae), Acyrthosiphon pisum Harr. (Hemiptera: Aphididae), harmful thrips (Thysanoptera) and cicadas (Hemiptera: suborder Auchenorrhyncha) were studied. The efficacy of Eforia (applied alone and in reduced doses) was significantly higher against A. pisum, followed by A. lineolatus and harmful thrips, compared to cicadas. The insecticidal action of Akarzin had a better protective effect against A. pisum, followed by A. lineolatus, in comparison with thrips and cicadas. Combined application of the broad-spectrum insecticide Eforia provided good control against insect pests. The mix of Eforia?s reduced 1/5 dose with the mineral oil showed the highest toxicity throughout the reporting period. Eforia applied at the reduced dose of 2/5 with Akarzin followed in efficacy. A synergistic effect was observed in combinations and was defined as subadditive synergism. Reduced dosage of Eforia and decrease in negative environmental impact of the plant protection products is a friendly approach to integrated pest control. It is important to apply innovative formulations of plant protection products that are safer both for plants and the environment.

scholarly journals Use of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) as a biopesticide in agriculture: A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-117
Author(s):  
Kripa Adhikari ◽  
Sudip Bhandari ◽  
Dikshya Niraula ◽  
Jiban Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Azadirachta Indica ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Neem Extract ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Root Extracts ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Pest Damage ◽  
Azadirachtin A ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) is a member of Meliaceae family, a fast-growing tropical evergreen plant whose products were found effective against economically important insect pests and diseases. All parts of this plant particularly leaf, bark, and root extracts have the biopesticidal activities. Azadirachtin, a biopesticide obtained from neem extract, can be used for con-trolling various insect pests in agriculture. It acts on insects by repelling them, by inhibiting feeding, and by disrupting their growth, and reproduction. Neem-based formulations do not usually kill insects directly, but they can alter their behavior in significant ways to reduce pest damage to crops and reduce their reproductive potential. The neem is considered as an eas-ily accessible, eco-friendly, biodegradable, cheap, and non-toxic biopesticide which control the target pests. Thus, this re-view highlighted the extract, byproducts and roles of neem that can be used as potential biopesticide in agriculture.

scholarly journals Understanding how best to engage recreationists in biosecurity to reduce the impacts of tree diseases: a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 531-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare Hall ◽  
Mariella Marzano ◽  
Liz O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Stakeholder Engagement ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
Tree Diseases ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Key Points ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Combining Information

Pests and diseases introduced from other countries are known to pose a threat to trees, woods and forests in many locations throughout the world. Once introduced they can be spread inadvertently by countryside visitors hiking, biking or riding along paths and trails through wooded areas. Engaging and communicating with these groups of countryside users to encourage and facilitate positive biosecurity behaviours is crucial for the future resilience of trees, woods and forests. This review draws on literature outlining principles for stakeholder engagement in forestry as well as evaluations of biosecurity campaigns from around the world. Key points are briefly presented for communicators aiming to encourage better biosecurity in the countryside. These include, the need to design campaigns based on the values and motivations of recreationists, using trusted information sources and understanding the importance of combining information with facilities so as to reduce the cost (in terms of effort and inconvenience) to hikers and other countryside users.

scholarly journals Management of insect pests and diseases of tomato in farmer’s field through IPDM practices

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-71
Author(s):  
Noorulla Haveri ◽  
K.S. Nagaraja ◽  
K. Thulasiram
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Pests And Diseases
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