scholarly journals Educational Assimilation of First-Generation and Second-Generation Immigrants in Germany

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Gries ◽  
Margarete Redlin ◽  
Moonum Zehra
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
First Generation Immigrants ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Mena Countries ◽  
Education Outcomes ◽  
Second Generation Immigrants ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Education Gap ◽  
First And Second Generation

AbstractUsing data from the German Socio-Economic Panel for 1984–2018, we analyze the intergenerational education mobility of immigrants in Germany by identifying the determinants of differences in educational stocks for first- and second-generation immigrants in comparison to individuals without a migration background. Our results show that on average, first-generation immigrants have fewer years of schooling than native-born Germans and have a disproportionate share of lower educational qualifications. This gap is strongly driven by age at immigration, with immigration age and education revealing a nonlinear relationship. While the gap is relatively small among individuals who migrate at a young age, integrating in the school system at secondary school age leads to large disadvantages. Examining the educational mobility of immigrants in Germany, we identify an inter-generational catch-up in education. The gap in education between immigrants and natives is reduced for the second generation. Finally, we find that country of origin differences can account for much of the education gap. While immigrants with an ethnic background closer to the German language and culture show the best education outcomes, immigrants from Turkey, Italy, and other southern European countries and especially the group of war refugees from Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq and other MENA countries, have the lowest educational attainment.

scholarly journals The (South) American Dream: Mobility and Economic Outcomes of First- and Second-Generation Immigrants in Nineteenth-Century Argentina

2017 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 971-1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Economic Outcomes ◽  
First Generation Immigrants ◽  
Second Generation Immigrants ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
European Immigrants ◽  
First And Second Generation

I study the mobility and economic outcomes of European immigrants and their children in nineteenth-century Argentina, the second largest destination country during the Age of Mass Migration. I use new data linking males across censuses and passenger lists of arrivals to Buenos Aires. First-generation immigrants experienced faster occupational upgrading than natives. Occupational mobility was substantial relative to Europe; immigrants holding unskilled occupations upon arrival experienced high rates of occupational upgrading. Second-generation immigrants outperformed the sons of natives in terms of literacy, occupational status and access to property, and experienced higher rates of intergenerational mobility out of unskilled occupations.

scholarly journals Obsessive beliefs and subtypes of obsessive-compulsive symptoms amongst immigrant children and early adolescents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Pozza ◽  
Anna Coluccia ◽  
Silvia Casale ◽  
Donatella Marazziti ◽  
Federico Mucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Immigrant Youth ◽  
Early Adolescents ◽  
Vulnerability Factors ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
First Generation Immigrants ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Second Generation Immigrants ◽  
First And Second Generation

Abstract Background. Vulnerability factors for obsessive-compulsive (OC) features in immigrant youth are under-studied. The migration process can have a highly stressful impact on the psychological wellbeing of the individual and it may represent a precipitating factor for different forms of psychopathology. Little is known about the occurrence of OC traits. Unlike other European countries, immigration to Italy is a recent phenomenon. In community children/early adolescents, this study compared OC general symptoms/subtypes and vulnerability cognitive factors amongst Italian natives, first- and second-generation immigrants, and examined whether such vulnerability factors moderate the relation between immigrant status and OC symptoms/subtypes, beyond socio-demographic/clinical variables. Methods. Two hundred sixty-eight children/early adolescents (99 natives, 82 and 87 first- and second-generation immigrants respectively) completed the Obsessive Belief Questionnaire-Child Version, Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Child Version, Spence’s Children Anxiety Scale, Children’s Depression Inventory.Results. As compared with the other groups, first-generation immigrants had the highest levels of perfectionism and threat overestimation. Both first- and second-generation immigrants had higher doubting – checking traits than natives. First-generation immigrants with higher threat overestimation showed lower obsessing traits. Conclusions. Community screening programs for OC features should consider immigrant youth as a vulnerable group and, potentially, the target of an early intervention.

scholarly journals Mortality in first- and second-generation immigrants to Sweden diagnosed with type 2 diabetes: a 10 year nationwide cohort study

Diabetologia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-108
Author(s):  
Louise Bennet ◽  
Ruzan Udumyan ◽  
Carl Johan Östgren ◽  
Olov Rolandsson ◽  
Stefan P. O. Jansson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
First Generation Immigrants ◽  
Cox Regression Analysis ◽  
Second Generation Immigrants ◽  
First And Second Generation ◽  
Incident Cases

Abstract Aims/hypothesis Non-Western immigrants to Europe are at high risk for type 2 diabetes. In this nationwide study including incident cases of type 2 diabetes, the aim was to compare all-cause mortality (ACM) and cause-specific mortality (CSM) rates in first- and second-generation immigrants with native Swedes. Methods People living in Sweden diagnosed with new-onset pharmacologically treated type 2 diabetes between 2006 and 2012 were identified through the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register. They were followed until 31 December 2016 for ACM and until 31 December 2012 for CSM. Analyses were adjusted for age at diagnosis, sex, socioeconomic status, education, treatment and region. Associations were assessed using Cox regression analysis. Results In total, 138,085 individuals were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes between 2006 and 2012 and fulfilled inclusion criteria. Of these, 102,163 (74.0%) were native Swedes, 28,819 (20.9%) were first-generation immigrants and 7103 (5.1%) were second-generation immigrants with either one or both parents born outside Sweden. First-generation immigrants had lower ACM rate (HR 0.80 [95% CI 0.76, 0.84]) compared with native Swedes. The mortality rates were particularly low in people born in non-Western regions (0.46 [0.42, 0.50]; the Middle East, 0.41 [0.36, 0.47]; Asia, 0.53 [0.43, 0.66]; Africa, 0.47 [0.38, 0.59]; and Latin America, 0.53 [0.42, 0.68]). ACM rates decreased with older age at migration and shorter stay in Sweden. Compared with native Swedes, first-generation immigrants with ≤ 24 years in Sweden (0.55 [0.51, 0.60]) displayed lower ACM rates than those spending >24 years in Sweden (0.92 [0.87, 0.97]). Second-generation immigrants did not have better survival rates than native Swedes but rather displayed higher ACM rates for people with both parents born abroad (1.28 [1.05, 1.56]). Conclusions/interpretation In people with type 2 diabetes, the lower mortality rate in first-generation non-Western immigrants compared with native Swedes was reduced over time and was equalised in second-generation immigrants. These findings suggest that acculturation to Western culture may impact ACM and CSM in immigrants with type 2 diabetes but further investigation is needed.

“Dando las Gracias a Mis Papás”: Analyzing the Enactment of Callings across Generations of Latinx Immigrants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Sánchez Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Meaningful Work ◽  
Occupational Outcomes ◽  
First Generation Immigrants ◽  
Second Generation Immigrants ◽  
Diverse Backgrounds ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
First And Second Generation ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Callings, a prominent way in which communication scholars have spoken about meaningful work, are often used to describe individual pulls towards an occupation. Calling research has also been criticized for lacking participants with diverse backgrounds and occupations. This study addressed these gaps by investigating how Latinx immigrants across two generations made sense of their work as callings. By interviewing Latinx immigrants (N = 36) this study revealed that first- and second-generation immigrants co-constructed integrated callings. Unlike individual callings, integrated callings are tied to a common understanding of how various journeys are connected. Within immigrant families, there was an understanding about the relationship between first-generation immigrants’ migration journeys and second-generation immigrants’ occupational journeys. Across the two generations, work was tied to educational, occupational, and non-occupational outcomes that served to improve the lives of immigrants. The proposed framework, integrated callings, is one that accounts for non-occupational outcomes and the experiences of diverse workers.

One person, three identities? Examining re-politicization of ethnic, national, and Australian identities among 1.5-generation Taiwanese immigrants in Australia

2020 ◽  
pp. 144078332093415
Author(s):  
Yao-Tai Li
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Identity Negotiation ◽  
Generation 1.5 ◽  
The Political ◽  
Host Society ◽  
1.5 Generation ◽  
Ethnic Chinese ◽  
Second Generation Immigrants ◽  
First And Second Generation

Immigrants of the 1.5-generation (1.5-ers) differ from first- and second-generation immigrants because they are generally better immersed in the culture of the host society than the first generation; yet, compared to the second generation, they often have to renegotiate their identities in relation to parents, colleagues at work, and people in the host society during the processes of migration. Drawing on interview data from Taiwanese 1.5-ers in Australia, this article takes a further step and points out that in addition to the identity struggle between home and host country, Taiwanese 1.5-ers also identify as ethnic Chinese (Huaren) and constantly negotiate between these three identities (Huaren, Taiwanese, and Australian). This article argues that identity negotiation and hybridization is in nature a re-politicization process in which respondents are fully aware of the political meanings and power disparities of each identity. It is also a process whereby Taiwanese 1.5-ers mobilize, downplay, and hybridize specific identities based on time and context.

First-generation immigrants feel socially excluded and have greater pro-violence attitudes than the native population in England and Wales

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Bui ◽  
David P Farrington
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Generational Status ◽  
Native Population ◽  
Content Type ◽  
First Generation Immigrants ◽  
Second Generation Immigrants ◽  
Negative Perceptions ◽  
Socially Excluded ◽  
Violence Attitudes

Purpose – Studies examining immigrant generational status and violence have supported differences in the prevalence of violence between these groups. The purpose of this paper is to measure relevant risk factors for violence to focus on whether negative perceptions may contribute to understanding the between-generations differences in violence. Based on the literature, it is theorised that pro-violence attitudes would be related to and be higher in second-generation immigrants than first-generation immigrants, and that negative perceptions would mediate the relationship between pro-violence attitudes and violence. Design/methodology/approach – Data to answer the study’s key questions were taken from the 2010-2011 UK citizenship survey, where only the main sample was analysed. Findings – The findings reveal that first-generation immigrants have a higher prevalence of pro-violence attitudes than the native population. Originality/value – This suggests that there is an intergenerational transmission in violent attitudes, and this is a risk factor for actual violence in second-generation immigrants.

scholarly journals Analyzing Educational Achievement Differences between Second-Generation Immigrants: Comparing Germany and German-Speaking Switzerland

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes S. Kunz
Keyword(s):  
Test Score ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Educational Achievement ◽  
Family Characteristics ◽  
Score Distribution ◽  
First Generation Immigrants ◽  
Second Generation Immigrants ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In this study, I provide evidence that the educational achievement of second- generation immigrants in German-speaking Switzerland is greater than in Germany. The impact of the first-generation immigrants’ destination decision on their offspring’s educational achievement seems to be much more important than has been recognized by the existing literature. I identify the test score gap between these students that cannot be explained by differences in individual and family characteristics. Moreover, I show how this gap evolves over the test score distribution and how the least favorably endowed students fare. My results suggest that the educational system of Switzerland, relative to the German system, enhances the performance of immigrants’ children substantially. This disparity is largest when conditioning on the language spoken at home, and prevails even when comparing only students whose parents migrated from the same country of origin.

scholarly journals Psychopharmacology and adverse effects of antipsychotic long-acting injections: A review

2009 ◽  
Vol 195 (S52) ◽  
pp. s13-s19 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Movement Disorders ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
First And Second Generation

BackgroundDepot antipsychotics are widely used in clinical practice. Long-acting formulations of second-generation antipsychotics are now being developed and introduced.AimsTo review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and adverse effect profiles of currently available antipsychotic long-acting injections (LAIs).MethodThe psychopharmacological properties of first- and second-generation antipsychotic LAIs are reviewed using data available up to October 2008.ResultsFirst-generation antipsychotic (FGA) LAIs are associated with a high rate of acute and chronic movement disorders. Risperidone LAI is better tolerated in this respect, but is associated with hyperprolactinaemia and weight gain. Olanzapine LAI causes weight gain and other metabolic effects but appears not to be associated with an important incidence of movement disorders.ConclusionsDosing of LAIs is complicated by delayed release of drug, changes in plasma levels without change in dose, and by the lack of data establishing clear dose requirements. All LAIs offer the prospect of assured adherence (although patients may still default on treatment) but their use is complicated by adverse effects, complex pharmacokinetics and confusion over dose–response relationships.

scholarly journals Ascertainment Bias in a Historic Cohort Study of Residents in an Asbestos Manufacturing Community

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2211
Author(s):  
Jeremy D. Wortzel ◽  
Douglas J. Wiebe ◽  
Shabnam Elahi ◽  
Atu Agawu ◽  
Frances K. Barg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Asbestos Exposure ◽  
Ascertainment Bias ◽  
P Value ◽  
First Generation Immigrants ◽  
Second Generation Immigrants ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Historic Cohort ◽  
Death Data

This paper describes follow-up for a cohort of 4530 residents living in the asbestos manufacturing community of Ambler, PA, U.S. in 1930. Using re-identified census data, cause and date of death data obtained from the genealogic website Ancestry.com, along with geospatial analysis, we explored relationships among demographic characteristics, occupational, paraoccupational and environmental asbestos exposures. We identified death data for 2430/4530 individuals. Exposure differed significantly according to race, gender, age, and recency of immigration to the U.S. Notably, there was a significant difference in the availability of year of death information for non-white vs. white individuals (odds ratio (OR) = 0.62 p-value < 0.001), females (OR = 0.53, p-value < 0.001), first-generation immigrants (OR = 0.67, p-value = 0.001), second-generation immigrants (OR = 0.31, p-value < 0.001) vs. non-immigrants, individuals aged less than 20 (OR = 0.31 p-value < 0.001) and individuals aged 20 to 59 (OR = 0.63, p-value < 0.001) vs. older individuals. Similarly, the cause of death was less often available for non-white individuals (OR = 0.42, p-value <0.001), first-generation immigrants and (OR = 0.71, p-value = 0.009), second-generation immigrants (OR = 0.49, p-value < 0.001), individuals aged less than 20 (OR = 0.028 p-value < 0.001), and individuals aged 20 to 59 (OR = 0.26, p-value < 0.001). These results identified ascertainment bias that is important to consider in analyses that investigate occupational, para-occupational and environmental asbestos exposure as risk factors for mortality in this historic cohort. While this study attempts to describe methods for assessing itemized asbestos exposure profiles for a community in 1930 using Ancestry.com and other publicly accessible databases, it also highlights how historic cohort studies likely underestimate the impact of asbestos exposure on vulnerable populations. Future work will aim to assess mortality patterns in this cohort.

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