scholarly journals Von Genen zu Chromosomen: Pflanzenzüchtung mit CRISPR-CAS

BIOspektrum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 613-615
Author(s):  
Rebecca Wetzel ◽  
Patrick Schindele ◽  
Holger Puchta
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Genetic Exchange ◽  
Linkage Drag ◽  
Multiple Genes ◽  
Trait Improvement ◽  
First Time

AbstractUsing the CRISPR-Cas system, it has been possible to introduce different kinds of mutations in single or multiple genes for trait improvement in crops. Last year, for the first time, the CRISPR-Cas-mediated induction of different kinds of targeted heritable chromosomal rearrangements has been achieved in plants. This novel application has the potential to revolutionize plant breeding as genetic exchange and linkage drag are now becoming controllable in a targeted manner.

scholarly journals A1-3 chromosomal translocations in Italian populations of the peach potato aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) not linked to esterase-based insecticide resistance

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Rivi ◽  
Valentina Monti ◽  
Emanuele Mazzoni ◽  
Stefano Cassanelli ◽  
Michela Panini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Myzus Persicae ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Chromosomal Translocations ◽  
Potato Aphid ◽  
Mediterranean Regions ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
First Time ◽  
Peach Potato Aphid

AbstractEsterase-based resistance in the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), is generally due to one of two alternative amplified carboxylesterase genes, E4 or FE4 (fast E4). The E4 amplified form is distributed worldwide and it is correlated with a particular translocation between autosomes 1 and 3, whereas the FE4 form, which has hitherto not been found to be associated with chromosomal rearrangements, is typical of the Mediterranean regions. In this study, we present for the first time cytogenetic and molecular data on some M. persicae parthenogenetic lineages, which clearly show a chromosomal A1-3 translocation associated with esterase FE4 genes and unrelated to high levels of esterase-based resistance.

scholarly journals Protoplast Regeneration and Its Use in New Plant Breeding Technologies

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey M. Reed ◽  
Bastiaan O. R. Bargmann
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Protoplast Regeneration ◽  
Transient Transformation ◽  
Plant Protoplasts ◽  
Pertinent Literature ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Multiple Strategies ◽  
Trait Improvement ◽  
Global Population

The development of gene-editing technology holds tremendous potential for accelerating crop trait improvement to help us address the need to feed a growing global population. However, the delivery and access of gene-editing tools to the host genome and subsequent recovery of successfully edited plants form significant bottlenecks in the application of new plant breeding technologies. Moreover, the methods most suited to achieve a desired outcome vary substantially, depending on species' genotype and the targeted genetic changes. Hence, it is of importance to develop and improve multiple strategies for delivery and regeneration in order to be able to approach each application from various angles. The use of transient transformation and regeneration of plant protoplasts is one such strategy that carries unique advantages and challenges. Here, we will discuss the use of protoplast regeneration in the application of new plant breeding technologies and review pertinent literature on successful protoplast regeneration.

scholarly journals Pollen Viability of F1 Hybrids between Watermelon Cultivars and Disease-resistant, Infraspecific Crop Wild Relatives

HortScience ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 1428-1432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia E. McGregor ◽  
Vickie Waters
Keyword(s):  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Crop Wild Relatives ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Linkage Drag ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
The Cross

Crop wild relatives (CWRs) are important sources of variation for domesticated crops like watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) where cultivated varieties have a very narrow genetic base. The use of CWRs in plant breeding can be hampered by low fertility, chromosomal rearrangements, marker distortion, and linkage drag in the progeny. Pollen viability can be a quick and easy way to estimate male fertility, which can be a cause of marker distortion and an indicator of chromosomal rearrangements. Pollen viability was determined for F1 hybrids between cultivars and resistant citron and egusi types and the data were used to determine whether the parental cultivars/lines used or the directionality of the cross play a role in pollen viability. F1 hybrids between cultivars and the egusi type showed no reduction in pollen viability compared with parental lines, whereas pollen viability of hybrids with citron types varied between 61.8% and 91.7%. Significant main effects were observed for the cultivar and donor lines used, but the directionality of the cross did not affect pollen viability. F1 hybrids with ‘Crimson Sweet’ as the cultivar parent had significantly higher pollen viability than those with ‘Sugar Baby’ or ‘Charleston Gray’. Our results indicate that the directionality of the crosses between watermelon cultivars and infraspecific CWRs does not affect pollen viability but that the specific cultivars and donor lines used can have a significant effect. The high pollen viability of cultivar–egusi hybrids is supported by previous genetic data and strongly suggests that it should be easier to introgress traits from egusi types than citron types.

Distal-less and homothorax regulate multiple targets to pattern the Drosophila antenna

Development ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 129 (8) ◽  
pp. 1967-1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Si Dong ◽  
Jennifer Scholz Dicks ◽  
Grace Panganiban
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Localization ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Multiple Targets ◽  
Joint Formation ◽  
Multiple Genes ◽  
Nuclear Factors ◽  
Patterning Genes ◽  
First Time ◽  
Sensory Functions

The Drosophila antenna is a highly derived appendage required for a variety of sensory functions including olfaction and audition. To investigate how this complex structure is patterned, we examine the specific functions of genes required for antenna development. The nuclear factors, Homothorax, Distal-less and Spineless, are each required for particular aspects of antennal fate. Coexpression of Homothorax, necessary for nuclear localization of its ubiquitously expressed partner Extradenticle, with Distal-less is required to establish antenna fate. Here we test which antenna patterning genes are targets of Homothorax, Distal-less and/or Spineless. We report that the antennal expression of dachshund, atonal, spalt, and cut requires Homothorax and/or Distal-less, but not Spineless. We conclude that Distal-less and Homothorax specify antenna fates via regulation of multiple genes. We also report for the first time phenotypic consequences of losing either dachshund or spalt and spalt-related from the antenna. We find that dachshund and spalt/spalt-related are essential for proper joint formation between particular antennal segments. Furthermore, the spalt/spalt-related null antennae are defective in hearing. Hearing defects are also associated with the human diseases Split Hand/Split Foot Malformation and Townes-Brocks Syndrome, which are linked to human homologs of Distal-less and spalt, respectively. We therefore propose that there are significant genetic similarities between the auditory organs of humans and flies.

scholarly journals CRISPR/Cas-mediated chromosome engineering: opening up a new avenue for plant breeding

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Rönspies ◽  
Patrick Schindele ◽  
Holger Puchta
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Chromosome Engineering ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Plant Chromosomes ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Genetic Linkages ◽  
Deleterious Genes ◽  
Opening Up ◽  
Genome Manipulation

Abstract The advent of powerful site-specific nucleases, particularly the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) system, which enables precise genome manipulation, has revolutionized plant breeding. Until recently, the main focus of researchers has been to simply knock-in or knock-out single genes, or to induce single base changes, but constant improvements of this technology have enabled more ambitious applications that aim to improve plant productivity or other desirable traits. One long-standing aim has been the induction of targeted chromosomal rearrangements (crossovers, inversions, or translocations). The feasibility of this technique has the potential to transform plant breeding, because natural rearrangements, like inversions, for example, typically present obstacles to the breeding process. In this way, genetic linkages between traits could be altered to combine or separate favorable and deleterious genes, respectively. In this review, we discuss recent breakthroughs in the field of chromosome engineering in plants and their potential applications in the field of plant breeding. In the future, these approaches might be applicable in shaping plant chromosomes in a directed manner, based on plant breeding needs.

Does polyploidy occur in central European species of the family Sphaeriidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia)?

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 777-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tereza Kořínková ◽  
Alena Morávková
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Numbers ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Small Chromosome ◽  
Time Analysis ◽  
Chromosome Counts ◽  
The Family ◽  
Dna Contents ◽  
Acrocentric Chromosomes ◽  
First Time

AbstractSome representatives of the bivalve family Sphaeriidae are assumed to be polyploid. In this study, 11 sphaeriid species (nine of the genus Pisidium, one of Musculium, and one of Sphaerium) inhabiting central Europe were studied karyologically, 10 of them for the first time. Analysis revealed high chromosome numbers (from 140 to 240). To elucidate the origin of high chromosome numbers, DNA contents were measured by flow cytometry in 5 of the studied species and, for comparison, in S. corneum and S. nucleus, which are known to be diploid (2n=30). Species with high chromosome counts yielded very similar DNA contents that are not higher than in the related species with low diploid numbers. This finding contradicts a possible origin of these species by recent polyploidization or hybridization of related species. Chromosome complements of the investigated species with high chromosome numbers differ from those with low 2n in their small chromosome size and the high proportion of subtelo- or acrocentric chromosomes. This indicates their possible origin either by an ancient polyplodization event followed by chromosomal rearrangements or by multiple chromosome fissions.

scholarly journals Current and Future Prospects of Plant Breeding with CRISPR/Cas

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Wagh Sopan Ganpatrao ◽  
Pohare Manoj Baliram
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Plant Genome ◽  
Trait Improvement ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Regulation Strategies

Innovative plant breeding technology is an absolute necessity to enhance agriculture production in order to have an ambition of feeding nutritious food to the ever-increasing population. Current advances in CRISPR/Cas genome editing technology have led to effective targeted changes in most plants that promise to accelerate crop improvement. Here we discussed the discovery of CRISPR/Cas technology, associated manipulations for plant genome editing and its potential applications in the plant breeding. We emphasized mainly on the most essential applications of CRISPR/Cas genome editing in crop improvement, such as crop trait improvement (yield and biotic/abiotic stress tolerance), developments in optimizing gene regulation, strategies for generating virus resistance in plants, and the use of high throughput mutant libraries. Finally, the challenges and opportunities for plant breeding in precision agriculture and its bright future discussed.

Chromosomal Rearrangements during Turtle Evolution Altered the Synteny of Genes Involved in Vertebrate Sex Determination

2019 ◽  
Vol 157 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 77-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
LingSze Lee ◽  
Eugenia E. Montiel ◽  
Beatriz M. Navarro-Domínguez ◽  
Nicole Valenzuela
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Sexual Development ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Metaphase Chromosomes ◽  
Genotypic Sex Determination ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectories ◽  
Position Regulation ◽  
Development Network ◽  
Intrachromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
First Time

Sex-determining mechanisms (SDMs) set an individual's sexual fate by its genotype (genotypic sex determination, GSD) or environmental factors like temperature (temperature- dependent sex determination, TSD), as in turtles where the GSD “trigger” remains unknown. SDMs co-evolve with turtle chromosome number, perhaps because fusions/fissions alter the relative position/regulation of sexual development genes. Here, we map 10 such genes via FISH onto metaphase chromosomes in 6 TSD and 6 GSD turtles for the first time. Results uncovered intrachromosomal rearrangements involving 3 genes across SDMs (Dax1, Fhl2, and Fgf9) and a chromosomal fusion linking 2 genes (Sf1 and Rspo1) in 1 chromosome in a TSD turtle (Pelomedusa subrufa) that locate to 2 chromosomes in all others. Notably, Sf1 and its repressor Foxl2 map to Apalone spinifera's ZW chromosomes but to a macro- (Foxl2) and a microautosome (Sf1) in other turtles potentially inducing SDM evolution. However, our phylogenetically informed analysis refutes Foxl2 (but not Sf1) as Apalone's master sex-determining gene. The absence of common TSD-specific or GSD-specific rearrangements underscores the independent evolutionary trajectories of turtle SDMs. Further comparative analyses using more genes from the sexual development network are warranted to inform genome evolution and its contribution to enigmatic turnovers of vertebrate sex determination.

scholarly journals Gross chromosomal rearrangements and genetic exchange between nonhomologous chromosomes following BRCA2 inactivation

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 1400-1406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronica P.C.C. Yu ◽  
Michael Koehler ◽  
Claus Steinlein ◽  
Michael Schmid ◽  
Leslyn A. Hanakahi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Genetic Instability ◽  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Chromosome Breakage ◽  
Genetic Exchange ◽  
Dna Breaks ◽  
Gross Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Essential Function ◽  
Mechanistic Basis

Cancer-causing mutations often arise from gross chromosomal rearrangements (GCRs) such as translocations, which involve genetic exchange between nonhomologous chromosomes. Here we show that murineBrca2 has an essential function in suppressing GCR formation after chromosome breakage. Cells that harbor truncated Brca2spontaneously incur GCRs and genomic DNA breaks during division. They exhibit hypersensitivity to DNA damage by interstrand cross-linkers, which even at low doses trigger aberrant genetic exchange between nonhomologous chromosomes. Therefore, genetic instability in Brca2-deficient cells results from the mutagenic processing of spontaneous or induced DNA damage into gross chromosomal rearrangements, providing a mechanistic basis for cancer predisposition.

Analysis of Meiotic Segregation Pattern and Interchromosomal Effects in a Bull Heterozygous for a 3/16 Robertsonian Translocation

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 (4) ◽  
pp. 197-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harmonie Barasc ◽  
Nathalie Mouney-Bonnet ◽  
Clémence Peigney ◽  
Anne Calgaro ◽  
Clémence Revel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Robertsonian Translocation ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Segregation Pattern ◽  
Fish Analysis ◽  
Meiotic Segregation ◽  
Robertsonian Translocations ◽  
Sperm Nuclei ◽  
Meiotic Segregation Pattern ◽  
First Time ◽  
Low Rate

Robertsonian translocations are the most frequent chromosomal rearrangements detected in cattle. Here, we report on the detection of a new Robertsonian translocation between chromosomes BTA3 and BTA16. This rob(3;16) was dicentric, suggesting that its occurrence was recent. FISH analysis of decondensed sperm nuclei revealed a relatively low rate of unbalanced gametes produced by adjacent segregation (5.87%). In addition, and for the first time in bovines, a significant interchromosomal effect (ICE) was detected for 2 different autosomes: BTA17 (global disomy + nullisomy rate of 9%) and BTA20 (1.8%). These results suggest that ICE should be taken into consideration when assessing the putative effect of Robertsonian translocations on reproduction.

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