Distal-less and homothorax regulate multiple targets to pattern the Drosophila antenna

Development ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 129 (8) ◽  
pp. 1967-1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Si Dong ◽  
Jennifer Scholz Dicks ◽  
Grace Panganiban
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Localization ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Multiple Targets ◽  
Joint Formation ◽  
Multiple Genes ◽  
Nuclear Factors ◽  
Patterning Genes ◽  
First Time ◽  
Sensory Functions

The Drosophila antenna is a highly derived appendage required for a variety of sensory functions including olfaction and audition. To investigate how this complex structure is patterned, we examine the specific functions of genes required for antenna development. The nuclear factors, Homothorax, Distal-less and Spineless, are each required for particular aspects of antennal fate. Coexpression of Homothorax, necessary for nuclear localization of its ubiquitously expressed partner Extradenticle, with Distal-less is required to establish antenna fate. Here we test which antenna patterning genes are targets of Homothorax, Distal-less and/or Spineless. We report that the antennal expression of dachshund, atonal, spalt, and cut requires Homothorax and/or Distal-less, but not Spineless. We conclude that Distal-less and Homothorax specify antenna fates via regulation of multiple genes. We also report for the first time phenotypic consequences of losing either dachshund or spalt and spalt-related from the antenna. We find that dachshund and spalt/spalt-related are essential for proper joint formation between particular antennal segments. Furthermore, the spalt/spalt-related null antennae are defective in hearing. Hearing defects are also associated with the human diseases Split Hand/Split Foot Malformation and Townes-Brocks Syndrome, which are linked to human homologs of Distal-less and spalt, respectively. We therefore propose that there are significant genetic similarities between the auditory organs of humans and flies.

scholarly journals Recent Development of Non-Contact Multi-Target Vital Sign Detection and Location Tracking Based on Metamaterial Leaky Wave Antennas

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3619
Author(s):  
Yichao Yuan ◽  
Chung-Tse Michael Wu
Keyword(s):  
Vital Sign ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Phase Shifters ◽  
Location Tracking ◽  
Radar Sensor ◽  
Leaky Wave ◽  
Multiple Targets ◽  
Microwave Radar ◽  
Sign Detection

Microwave radar sensors have been developed for non-contact monitoring of the health condition and location of targets, which will cause minimal discomfort and eliminate sanitation issues, especially in a pandemic situation. To this end, several radar sensor architectures and algorithms have been proposed to detect multiple targets at different locations. Traditionally, beamforming techniques incorporating phase shifters or mechanical rotors are utilized, which is relatively complex and costly. On the other hand, metamaterial (MTM) leaky wave antennas (LWAs) have a unique property of launching waves of different spectral components in different directions. This feature can be utilized to detect multiple targets at different locations to obtain their healthcare and location information accurately, without complex structure and high cost. To this end, this paper reviews the recent development of MTM LWA-based radar sensor architectures for vital sign detection and location tracking. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of MTM vital sign radar compared with different radar sensor architectures.

scholarly journals COMPLEXITY-BASED ANALYSIS OF THE ALTERATIONS IN THE STRUCTURE OF CORONAVIRUSES

Fractals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (02) ◽  
pp. 2150123
Author(s):  
HAMIDREZA NAMAZI ◽  
ALI SELAMAT ◽  
ONDREJ KREJCAR
Keyword(s):  
Hurst Exponent ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Approximate Entropy ◽  
Sample Entropy ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
The World ◽  
First Time

The coronavirus has influenced the lives of many people since its identification in 1960. In general, there are seven types of coronavirus. Although some types of this virus, including 229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1, cause mild to moderate illness, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 have shown to have severer effects on the human body. Specifically, the recent known type of coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has affected the lives of many people around the world since late 2019 with the disease named COVID-19. In this paper, for the first time, we investigated the variations among the complex structures of coronaviruses. We employed the fractal dimension, approximate entropy, and sample entropy as the measures of complexity. Based on the obtained results, SARS-CoV-2 has a significantly different complex structure than SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. To study the high mutation rate of SARS-CoV-2, we also analyzed the long-term memory of genome walks for different coronaviruses using the Hurst exponent. The results demonstrated that the SARS-CoV-2 shows the lowest memory in its genome walk, explaining the errors in copying the sequences along the genome that results in the virus mutation.

scholarly journals Dexamethasone Modulates Nonvisual Opsins, Glucocorticoid Receptor, and Clock Genes inDanio rerioZEM-2S Cells

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Caroline Sousa ◽  
Keila Karoline Magalhães-Marques ◽  
Sanseray da Silveira Cruz-Machado ◽  
Maria Nathalia Moraes ◽  
Ana Maria de Lauro Castrucci
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptor ◽  
Nuclear Localization ◽  
Clock Genes ◽  
Clock Synchronization ◽  
Cellular Distribution ◽  
Embryonic Cells ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Peripheral Clocks ◽  
First Time

Here we report, for the first time, the differential cellular distribution of two melanopsins (Opn4m1 and Opn4m2) and the effects of GR agonist, dexamethasone, on the expression of these opsins and clock genes, in the photosensitiveD. rerioZEM-2S embryonic cells. Immunopositive labeling for Opn4m1 was detected in the cell membrane whereas Opn4m2 labeling shows nuclear localization, which did not change in response to light.opn4m1,opn4m2,gr,per1b,andcry1bpresented an oscillatory profile of expression in LD condition. In both DD and LD condition, dexamethasone (DEX) treatment shifted the peak expression ofper1bandcry1btranscripts to ZT16, which corresponds to the highestopn4m1expression. Interestingly, DEX promoted an increase ofper1bexpression when applied in LD condition but a decrease when the cells were kept under DD condition. Although DEX effects are divergent with different light conditions, the response resulted in clock synchronization in all cases. Taken together, these data demonstrate thatD. rerioZEM-2S cells possess a photosensitive system due to melanopsin expression which results in an oscillatory profile of clock genes in response to LD cycle. Moreover, we provide evidence that glucocorticoid acts as a circadian regulator ofD. rerioperipheral clocks.

China's tech giants face difficult transition

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Complex Structure ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Leadership Transitions ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
20Th Anniversary ◽  
Top Manager ◽  
First Time ◽  
Difficult Transition ◽  
Important Test

Subject The future of Chinese internet conglomerate Alibaba after the forthcoming retirement of its founder. Significance Jack Ma, founder and chairman of China’s internet giant Alibaba Group, has announced that he will resign from his position on September 10, 2019, the company’s 20th anniversary. This will be the first time any major Chinese tech tycoon has handed over the reins. It will be an important test case for both business and political reasons. Impacts The main challenge now will be managing the complex structure into which Alibaba has evolved. A more collective management could make Alibaba less vulnerable should any individual top manager fall foul of the authorities. Ma’s departure will likely create a template for other Chinese tech businesses to plan and manage inevitable leadership transitions.

Cilia Not Only Move, but also Have Taste!

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-8
Author(s):  
Stephen W. Carmichael
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Machines ◽  
Sensory Function ◽  
Mechanical Activity ◽  
Sensory Receptors ◽  
Pulmonary Infections ◽  
Immotile Cilia ◽  
Specific Direction ◽  
Motile Cilia ◽  
First Time ◽  
Sensory Functions

Motile cilia are organelles that contain amazing molecular machines that bend each cilium in a rhythmic and coordinated movement. This allows a liquid film, perhaps with particles embedded within, to move in a specific direction. The classic example is the cilia of the respiratory passages that move a layer of debris-carrying mucus out of the lungs. When this mechanism is not working properly, recurrent pulmonary infections result. The classic example of this is immotile cilia syndrome that results in chronic bronchitis and related problems. However, no sensory function has been assigned to these classic motile cilia until now (although nodal cilia have both mechanical activity and sensory functions). Alok Shah, Yehuda Ben-Shahar, Thomas Moninger, Joel Kline, and Michael Welsh have demonstrated sensory receptors on motile cilia for the first time.

scholarly journals N-myristoyltransferase: Tracing Steps Backwards to Find a Way Forward

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean Reddick ◽  
Daniel I Udenwobele ◽  
David Datzkiw ◽  
Revanti Mukherjee ◽  
Shailly Varma Shrivastav ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Nuclear Localization ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Nuclear Localization Sequence ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Trace Back ◽  
Carbon Fatty Acid ◽  
Localization Sequence ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

AbstractN-myristoylation refers to the attachment of a 14-carbon fatty acid onto the N-terminal glycine residue of a target protein. The myristoylation reaction, catalyzed by N-myristoyltrasnferase (NMT), is essential for regulating cellular activities such as signal transduction, proliferation, migration, differentiation, and transformation. Although a considerable amount of research is performed on the overexpression of NMT in pathogenic conditions, a fundamental knowledge gap exists on the evolution of NMT and the functional impact of myristoylation for normal cellular development and functions. We performed evolutionary analyses of the NMT gene and found that most non-vertebrates harbor a single nmt gene and all vertebrates examined harbor two genes; nmt1 and nmt2. For the first time, we report that teleosts harbor two copies of nmt1, named nmt1a and nmt1b. We traced the evolutionary history of the chromosomal fragments hosting NMT1 and NMT2 in humans and found that NMT1 and NMT2 trace back to a single vertebrate ancestral chromosome. We also report the presence of putative nuclear localization sequence (NLS) and amino acid residues flanking NLS. The presence of phosphorylatable amino acid residues flanking the NLS suggests that nuclear localization of NMT is regulated by phosphorylation. The nuclear localization of NMT suggest its potential role in gene transcription.

scholarly journals An Organometallic Strategy for Assembling Atomically Precise Hybrid Nanomaterials

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia M. Stauber ◽  
Elaine A. Qian ◽  
Yanxiao Han ◽  
Arnold L. Rheingold ◽  
Petr Král ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Surface Topology ◽  
Protein Targets ◽  
Bioinspired Synthesis ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Complex Protein ◽  
Inorganic Nanomaterials ◽  
First Time ◽  
Systematic Synthesis

For decades, chemists have strived to mimic the intricate design and diverse functions of naturally occurring systems through the bioinspired synthesis of programmable inorganic nanomaterials. The development of thiol-capped gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has driven advancement in this area; however, although versatile and readily accessible, hybrid AuNPs are rarely atomically precise, which limits control over their surface topology and therefore the study of complex structure-function relationships. Here, we present a bottom-up approach to the systematic assembly of atomically precise hybrid nanoclusters employing a strategy that mimics the synthetic ease with which thiol-capped AuNPs are normally constructed, while producing welldefined covalent nanoscale assemblies with diverse surface topologies. For the first time, using a structurally characterized cluster-based organometallic building block, we demonstrate the systematic synthesis of nanoclusters with multivalent binding capabilities to complex protein targets.

DIFFUSE TERMITINAE NESTS SHED LIGHT ON THE AFFINITIES OF LAETOLICHNUS KWEKAI (KRAUSICHNIDAE)

Palaios ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 122-127
Author(s):  
LILIANA F. CANTIL ◽  
JORGE F. GENISE ◽  
JUAN L. FARINA ◽  
SEBASTIÁN LUPO ◽  
DARÍO PORRINI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Coastal Dunes ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Buenos Aires Province ◽  
South American ◽  
First Time ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Semiarid Shrublands ◽  
Shed Light

ABSTRACT The insect trace fossil Laetolichnus kwekai, which is composed of a small chamber extending to slender cylinders at each end, was tentatively included in the ichnofamily Krausichnidae as termite nests. New evidence presented here provides information to validate these inferences. A more complex structure formed by interconnected Laetolichnus was recently found in the same Pliocene deposits (Laetoli, Tanzania) as the isolated specimens reported previously. Our study confirms inclusion of Laetolichnus in Krausichnidae and supports the inference that it represents a nest of a social insect. Neoichnological field studies in the coastal dunes of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, were undertaken to refine further the nature of these affinities. Survey of the dune surface revealed abundant loose fragments of termite nests of a size and shape comparable to that of L. kwekai. The fragile nests constructed by Onkotermes brevicorniger, which are described here in detail for the first time, enable us to interpret the fossil structures. They consist of connected chambers similar to the interconnected Laetolichnus. These were frequently exposed and broken by wind action resulting in loose fragments similar to the isolated Laetolichnus. The Celliforma ichnofacies represented at Laetoli, which contains L. kwekai, indicates arid or semiarid shrublands and woodlands. The distribution of O. brevicorniger also corresponds to arid and semiarid shrublands and dry woodlands of Argentina. Although the African termite producer of L. kwekai and the South American Onkotermes would be phylogenetically unrelated, the analogous structures probably reflect convergent nesting behaviors as an adaptation to similar arid to semiarid environmental conditions.

The New Lichen family Gloeoheppiaceae and its Genera Gloeoheppia, Pseudopeltula and Gudelia (Lichinales)

1995 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 261-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aino Henssen
Keyword(s):  
Complex Structure ◽  
New Family ◽  
First Time

AbstractGloeoheppia is re-established as a separate taxon; the genus differs from Heppia in apothecial development and thallus structure. Gloeoheppia and the related genera Gudelia Henssen and Pseudopeltula Henssen described here are placed in the new family Gloeoheppiaceae in the Lichinales. In habit, the genera of Gloeoheppiaceae resemble species of Heppia and Peltula, whereas in apothecial development they correspond to some extent to the Lichinaceae. The species Gloeoheppia polyspora Henssen, Gloeoheppia rugosa Henssen, Pseudopeltula dicyanophora Henssen, Pseudopeltula heppioides Henssen, Pseudopeltula myriocarpa Henssen and Gudelia mexicana Henssen, are described for the first time. In Gloeoheppiaceae the thalli are ecorticate and the hyphae reticulately branched. The prototunicate asci contain eight, or up to 16, colourless and simple, occasionally two-celled spores. In species of Pseudopeltula, the apothecia are of a complex structure. The cyanobionts are small and single-celled; in P. dicyanophora ‘ internal cephalodia ’ with an additional, filamentous cyanobiont are formed. Lectotypes are designated for Endocarpon turgidum Ach. and Heppia furva Hue in Patouill.

scholarly journals Lineage tracing of genome-edited alleles reveals high fidelity axolotl limb regeneration

eLife ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant Parker Flowers ◽  
Lucas D Sanor ◽  
Craig M Crews
Keyword(s):  
Complex Structure ◽  
Limb Regeneration ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Lineage Tracing ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Cell Lineages ◽  
Ability To Regenerate ◽  
Unique Cell ◽  
Regenerative Therapies ◽  
First Time

Salamanders are unparalleled among tetrapods in their ability to regenerate many structures, including entire limbs, and the study of this ability may provide insights into human regenerative therapies. The complex structure of the limb poses challenges to the investigation of the cellular and molecular basis of its regeneration. Using CRISPR/Cas, we genetically labelled unique cell lineages within the developing axolotl embryo and tracked the frequency of each lineage within amputated and fully regenerated limbs. This allowed us, for the first time, to assess the contributions of multiple low frequency cell lineages to the regenerating limb at once. Our comparisons reveal that regenerated limbs are high fidelity replicas of the originals even after repeated amputations.

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