scholarly journals A New Bayesian Two-Sample t Test and Solution to the Behrens–Fisher Problem Based on Gaussian Mixture Modelling with Known Allocations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riko Kelter
Keyword(s):  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Bayes Factor ◽  
R Package ◽  
Gaussian Mixture ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mixture Modelling ◽  
Region Of Practical Equivalence ◽  
And Control ◽  
Theoretical Results

AbstractTesting differences between a treatment and control group is common practice in biomedical research like randomized controlled trials (RCT). The standard two-sample t test relies on null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) via p values, which has several drawbacks. Bayesian alternatives were recently introduced using the Bayes factor, which has its own limitations. This paper introduces an alternative to current Bayesian two-sample t tests by interpreting the underlying model as a two-component Gaussian mixture in which the effect size is the quantity of interest, which is most relevant in clinical research. Unlike p values or the Bayes factor, the proposed method focusses on estimation under uncertainty instead of explicit hypothesis testing. Therefore, via a Gibbs sampler, the posterior of the effect size is produced, which is used subsequently for either estimation under uncertainty or explicit hypothesis testing based on the region of practical equivalence (ROPE). An illustrative example, theoretical results and a simulation study show the usefulness of the proposed method, and the test is made available in the R package . In sum, the new Bayesian two-sample t test provides a solution to the Behrens–Fisher problem based on Gaussian mixture modelling.

scholarly journals PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE STAD TERHADAP DAYA INGAT DAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA PADA MATERI HIDROLISIS GARAM KELAS XI IPA SMA KEMALA BHAYANGKARI 1 SUNGAI RAYA

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahara Sahara ◽  
Dedeh Kurniasih ◽  
Rizmahardian Azhari Kurniawan
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Cooperative Learning ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Teaching Method ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Learning Method ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACT The process of learning chemistry which only focused on teacher as informant caused the students’ memory lower. This could make the students’ learning outcomes lower, thus, it was needed STAD type of Cooperative Learning Method which had the process of interaction between student and teacher, and could help the students comprehend the material. Therefore, it was necessary to make a research which had the purpose to know the difference between students’ learning outcomes and memory which used STAD type ofCooperative Learning Method and lectures teaching method as well as how large the effect of STAD type of Cooperative Learning Method on salt hydrolysis material was. This research was Quasi Experimental Nonequivalent Control Group Design. The sample of the research was choosen by using saturated sampling which XI IPA 1 as experimental class and XI IPA 2 as control class. The techniques of data collection used measurement technique, observation, and interview while the tools of data collection used tests such as essayquestion, observation sheet, and interview guide. The statistical analysis of posttest result using U-man whitney test obtained significant value 0.000. This value was smaller than α (0.005) which meant that there was difference in learning outcome between experimental and control class. The statistical analysis result of U-man whitney delayed test obtained significant value 0.006, this value was smaller than α (0.005) which meant that there was difference between students’ memory in experimental and control class. The calculation of effect size showed value 1.64 with high criteria which gave high effect on students’ learning outcomes which was 44.95%, while the calculation of students’ memory effect size showed value 0.69 with moderate criteria which gave effect on students’ memory which was 26,42%. Keywords : Memory, Learning Outcomes, Salt Hydrolysis, STAD type of Cooperative Learning Method

scholarly journals Validasi Modul Pelatihan Pendampingan Klien pada Pekerja Sosial

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Yova Tri Yolanda ◽  
Muhana Sofiati Utami
Keyword(s):  
Social Worker ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Test Sample ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Large Effect Size ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Sample Data ◽  
Post Test ◽  
And Control

Purpose of this research is to validated the module Client Facilitating Training to increase social worker knowledge about stress  and skill for facilitating client. Training included psychoeducation about stress and management stress, basic of client facilitating method and communication skill in facilitating process. Subjects of this research are 12 social worker and divided to experiment and control group. This research using quasi experiment with non control group design with pretest and post test sample. Data collected by management stres questionnaire, facilitating scale and field data collected by observer and supervisor. Results indicated that there is a significant differences between experiment and control groups in stress and management stress (Z=-3,017; p<0,05) with large effect size of 0,87 and Facilitatting skill (Z= -1,354; p<0,05) with large effect size of 0,84. Client Facilitating Training is valid to improve social worker knowledge stress  and management stress  and facilitating skill.

scholarly journals Stress and Fatigue Management Using Balneotherapy in a Short-Time Randomized Controlled Trial

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lolita Rapolienė ◽  
Artūras Razbadauskas ◽  
Jonas Sąlyga ◽  
Arvydas Martinkėnas
Keyword(s):  
Music Therapy ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Therapy Group ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Geothermal Water ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Stress Symptoms ◽  
General Physical ◽  
Short Time ◽  
And Control

Objective. To investigate the influence of high-salinity geothermal mineral water on stress and fatigue.Method. 180 seamen were randomized into three groups: geothermal (65), music (50), and control (65). The geothermal group was administered 108 g/L salinity geothermal water bath for 2 weeks five times a week. Primary outcome was effect on stress and fatigue. Secondary outcomes were the effect on cognitive function, mood, and pain.Results. The improvements after balneotherapy were a reduction in the number and intensity of stress-related symptoms, a reduction in pain and general, physical, and mental fatigue, and an improvement in stress-related symptoms management, mood, activation, motivation, and cognitive functions with effect size from 0.8 to 2.3. In the music therapy group, there were significant positive changes in the number of stress symptoms, intensity, mood, pain, and activity with the effect size of 0.4 to 1.1. The researchers did not observe any significant positive changes in the control group. The comparison between the groups showed that balneotherapy was superior to music therapy and no treatment group.Conclusions. Balneotherapy is beneficial for stress and fatigue reduction in comparison with music or no therapy group. Geothermal water baths have a potential as an efficient approach to diminish stress caused by working or living conditions.

Effect Size Standard Errors for the Non-Normal Non-Identically Distributed Case

1986 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoben Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Minimal Sample ◽  
Sample Statistic ◽  
Size Standard ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
And Control

Suppose there are k independent studies and for each study the experimental and control groups have been sampled from independent but essentially arbitrary populations. The problem is to construct a plausible standard error of the effect size mean (effect sizes are standardized experimental-control group mean differences) when given only minimal sample statistic information. Standard errors based on the sample standard error, or bootstrap, will typically be much too large and have very large variance. A normal theory estimator may prove practically useful in more general settings. Asymptotic distribution-free estimators are provided for two cases.

scholarly journals Eksperimentasi Teknik Quick On The Draw Pada Pembelajaran Matematika Peserta Didik Kelas VIII SMPN 1 Ranah Batahan Kabupaten Pasaman Barat

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulia Yulia
Keyword(s):  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Conventional Technique ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mathematical Concepts ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Class Viii ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Randomized Control ◽  
And Control ◽  
Better Than

The purpose of this study is to determine the understanding on mathematic concept who were taught by using Quick On The Draw Technique was better than the students who were taught by using conventional technique at Class VIII SMPN 1 Ranah Batahan Kabupaten Pasaman Barat. Quasi experimental that designed randomized control group only design. The population of this research was class VIII students of SMP N 1 Ranah Batahan Kabupaten Pasaman Barat of 4 class. For determine the experimental class and the control class is done by randomly. Classes are chosen as experimental class is a class experiment is VIII.2 class and control class is the class VIII.3.. It can be seen from the mean score of experiment class 70.89,  control class was 57.78. Hypothesis testing by using t-test showed that t-was higher than  (1.97 > 1.68) with degree of freedom 95% so hypothesis is accepted. In conclusion, students’ understanding on mathematic concept who were taught by using Quick On The Draw technique was higher than the students who were taught by using conventional technique at calss VIII of SMPN 1 Ranah Batahan Kabupaten Pasaman Barat. Based on the above description the researcher gives advice to mathematical educator, to make quick on the draw technique as one of alternative to improve understanding of mathematical concepts of learners.Keyword : Quick on the draw technique, Understanding on mathematic concept

scholarly journals Pulmonary Rehabilitation with a Stabilometric Platform After Thoracic Surgery: A Preliminary Report

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dariusz Jastrzębski ◽  
Aleksandra Żebrowska ◽  
Sebastian Rutkowski ◽  
Anna Rutkowska ◽  
Joanna Warzecha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thoracic Surgery ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Pulmonary Rehabilitation ◽  
Rehabilitation Program ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Sf 36 ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of exercises on a stabilometric platform on the physical fitness and mobility of patients with lung cancer after thoracic surgery. The Experimental Group included 22, and the Control Group consisted of 21 patients. All included patients were enrolled after thoracic surgery due to lung cancer. The Experimental and Control Groups were enrolled in a 3-week in-hospital pulmonary rehabilitation program. The Experimental Group additionally performed daily 20-min training sessions on a stabilometric platform. Agility and flexibility were assessed with the Fullerton test before and after rehabilitation in both groups, and quality of life was assessed with the SF-36 questionnaire. Exercise performance stated as a distance in a 6 min walking test (6MWT) significantly improved in both groups with a medium effect size. The results of the Fullerton test indicated improvements in flexibility in both groups after the completion of the program without a significant difference between the groups and with a small effect size. In the Experimental Group, the best results were observed in the Arm curl (p = 0.0001), Chair stand (p = 0.04), Up and go (p = 0.001) and Chair sit and reach (p = 0.0001) tasks. No deterioration in the quality of life was observed in the Experimental or the Control Group after the completion of the program. Between-group analyses revealed significant differences in the Role-Physical (RP) (p = 0.020) and Mental-Health (MH) (p = 0.025) domains of the SF-36. The rehabilitation program with a stabilometric platform improved agility and flexibility of patients after thoracic surgery without an effect size or significant differences between the Experimental and Control Groups.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Using Interactive Multimedia to Increase Students Mastery of Concept on Topic of Fluid Dynamics on Senior High School in South Halmahera Regency

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saprudin Saprudin ◽  
Nurdin Abdul Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
High School ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Interactive Multimedia ◽  
Senior High School ◽  
Control Group ◽  
National Examination ◽  
Randomized Control ◽  
The One ◽  
And Control

This article is a part of research about developing multimedia of physics learning based on competence of students on senior high school in North Moluccas. This research was done to investigate the effectiveness of using interactive multimedia to increasing student mastery of concept in ability on national examination of physics particularly on concepts of Fluid Dynamics. This research was an experimental research with randomized control group pretest-posttest design which had involved the students of 11th grade at the one of senior high school in Kayoa archipelago at South Halmahera Regency. Data were collected through test which is contains national examination questions for physics lesson. The result of data analyze shown that the average N-gain for experiment group is 0.45 and control group is 0.28. The analyze of ttest shown that the scores t_count = 2.529 which is higher than the t_critic = 2.0231. Based on the calculation the effect size obtained the magnitude of effect size = 1.1 (high). Based on analyze of data, it was concluded that the use of interactive multimedia in learning of physics as significantly more effective to increase students mastery of concept in ability on national examination of physics spesially on concept of fluid dynamics than conventional learning.

Within-Group Effect-Size Benchmarks for Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy With Children and Adolescents

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 789-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen Rubin ◽  
Micki Washburn ◽  
Christine Schieszler
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group Effect ◽  
Intent To Treat ◽  
And Control

Purpose: This article provides benchmark data on within-group effect sizes from published randomized clinical trials (RCTs) supporting the efficacy of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) for traumatized children. Methods: Within-group effect-size benchmarks for symptoms of trauma, anxiety, and depression were calculated via the Glass approach and adjusted for sample size using Hedges’ g. Results: Overall TF-CBT and control group benchmarks are presented, as well as specific benchmarks for sexual abuse and mixed trauma, and whether included studies utilized intent-to-treat analysis. Discussion: Community practitioners can use these benchmarks as a comparison tool to evaluate whether the way they are adopting or adapting the TF-CBT intervention is satisfactory, needs to be modified, or should be replaced by a different intervention approach. These benchmarks also have potential utility for future implementation research on TF-CBT assessing which service provision conditions are associated with effect sizes approximating benchmarks provided in this article.

scholarly journals Medical education reform in Tajikistan: comparison of the conventional one-year family medicine residency program and the new two-year residency program for postgraduate medical education

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah F. Bohle ◽  
Edgar Valencia ◽  
Greta Ross ◽  
Davlyatova Dilbar Dzhabarovna ◽  
Shakhlo N. Yarbaeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Family Medicine ◽  
Education Reform ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Residency Program ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Clinical Knowledge ◽  
Post Graduate ◽  
Medical Education Reform ◽  
And Control

Abstract Introduction The last two decades have seen a shift in former Soviet countries from highly specialized to more family medicine-focused systems. Medical education has slowly adjusted to these reforms, although the region is still at risk to have a chronic shortage of family doctors. This paper presents the evaluation of a new post-graduate family medicine program in Tajikistan, focused on competency-based training. The findings are relevant for policy makers, international organizations and practitioners participating in similar medical education reform programs. Methods We employed a quasi-experimental control group design and compared intervention residents, control group residents with traditional training, and 1st year residents with no training in two outcomes, clinical knowledge and competencies. We employed two objective measures, a written multiple-choice question test (MCQT) and an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE), respectively. We report reliability and validity of the measures along with ANOVA, planned contrasts and effect size estimates to examine differences across groups. Results We found statistically significant differences in both clinical knowledge and competencies between intervention and control groups. We also detected a large intervention effect size. Participants in the intervention outperformed control group participants in the two measures. Our analysis suggests that intervention and control group participants are comparable in terms of initial knowledge and competencies, strengthening the argument that the intervention caused the improvement in the program outcomes. Discussion Receiving tailored training and structured opportunities to practice knowledge and competencies in clinical settings have a positive effect on the education of family medicine doctors in Tajikistan. Our results support curriculum reform and investment in medical education in the form of longer and supervised on-the-job preparation designed to be more in line with international standards. We discuss suggestions for future studies and potential requirements to inform replicability in other countries. Conclusion Family medicine is well recognized as central to health systems throughout the world, but high quality residency training lags behind in some countries. Our study showed that investing in family medicine residency programs and structured training is effective in increasing critical clinical competencies. We encourage promoting comprehensive post graduate family medicine doctor training so that the goals of a family medicine centered health system are attainable.

scholarly journals Postactivation Performance Enhancement (PAPE) Increases Vertical Jump in Elite Female Volleyball Players

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 462
Author(s):  
Lamberto Villalon-Gasch ◽  
Alfonso Penichet-Tomas ◽  
Sergio Sebastia-Amat ◽  
Basilio Pueo ◽  
Jose M. Jimenez-Olmedo
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Large Effect Size ◽  
Jump Performance ◽  
Volleyball Players ◽  
And Control

The purpose of this study was to verify if a conditioning activity was effective to elicit postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) and to increase the performance in vertical jump (VJ) in elite female volleyball players. Eleven national Superliga-2 volleyball players (22.6 ± 3.5 years) were randomly assigned to an experimental and control group. Countermovement jumps (CMJ) were performed on eight occasions: before (Pre-PAPE) and after activation (Post-PAPE), after the match (Pre-Match), and after each of the five-match sets (Set 1 to 5). ANOVA showed significantly increased jump performance for the experiment between baseline (Pre-PAPE) and all the following tests: +1.3 cm (Post-PAPE), +3.0 cm (Pre-Match), +4.8 cm (Set 1), +7.3 cm (Set 2), +5.1 cm (Set 3), +3.6 cm (Set 4), and +4.0 cm (Set 5), all showing medium to large effect size (0.7 < ES < 2.4). The performance of the control group did not show significant increases until Set 3 (+3.2 cm) and Set 5 (+2.9 cm), although jump heights were always lower for the control group than the experimental. The use of conditioning activity generates increased VJ performance in Post-PAPE tests and elicited larger PAPE effects that remain until the second set of a volleyball match.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document