Electric Field and Light Field Modulated Josephson Effect in Silicene-Based SNS Josephson Junction: Andreev Reflection and Free Energy

Silicon ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 561-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen-Huan Wu
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Josephson Junction ◽  
Josephson Effect ◽  
Light Field ◽  
Andreev Reflection

scholarly journals Revealing the interference effect of Majorana fermions in a topological Josephson junction

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 520-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Liu ◽  
Tiantian Yu ◽  
Juntao Song
Keyword(s):  
Josephson Junction ◽  
Interference Effect ◽  
Josephson Effect ◽  
Andreev Reflection ◽  
Local Density ◽  
Localized States ◽  
Majorana Fermions ◽  
Local Density Of States ◽  
Single Side ◽  
Period Oscillation

We study theoretically the local density of states (DOS) in a topological Josephson junction. We show that the well-known 4π Josephson effect originates from the interference effect between two Majorana fermions (MFs) that are localized at the Josephson junction. In addition, the DOS for electrons (holes) shows the 4π interference information along each parity conserved energy spectrum. The DOS displays a 2π period oscillation when two trivial states interfere with each other. This means that the DOS information may be used to distinguish the MFs from trivial localized states. We suggest that the interference effect and the DOS can be detected by using two STM leads or two normal leads. A single side lead can only detect the Andreev reflection tunneling process in the junction, which cannot reveal information about the interference effect in general. However, using two side leads, we can reveal information about the interference effect of the MFs as well as the DOS by combining Andreev reflection with the electron transmission process.

scholarly journals A thermodynamic approach to rate-type models in deformable ferroelectrics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Giorgi ◽  
Angelo Morro
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Energy Models ◽  
Polarization Electric Field ◽  
Field Plane ◽  
Vector Valued ◽  
Rate Type ◽  
Hysteretic Properties

AbstractThe purpose of the paper is to establish vector-valued rate-type models for the hysteretic properties in deformable ferroelectrics within the framework of continuum thermodynamics. Unlike electroelasticity and piezoelectricity, in ferroelectricity both the polarization and the electric field are simultaneously independent variables so that the constitutive functions depend on both. This viewpoint is naturally related to the fact that an hysteresis loop is a closed curve in the polarization–electric field plane. For the sake of generality, the deformation of the material and the dependence on the temperature are allowed to occur. The constitutive functions are required to be consistent with the principle of objectivity and the second law of thermodynamics. Objectivity implies that the constitutive equations are form invariant within the set of Euclidean frames. Among other results, the second law requires a general property on the relation between the polarization and the electric field via a differential equation. This equation shows a dependence fully characterized by two quantities: the free energy and a function which is related to the dissipative character of the hysteresis. As a consequence, different hysteresis models may have the same free energy. Models compatible with thermodynamics are then determined by appropriate selections of the free energy and of the dissipative part. Correspondingly, major and minor hysteretic loops are plotted.

Calculation of electric field effects on the Gibbs free energy of the Al-Li-Mg alloy

Rare Metals ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 508-514
Author(s):  
J ZHANG ◽  
Z CHEN ◽  
Y WANG ◽  
B LIU ◽  
Y LI
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Gibbs Free Energy ◽  
Mg Alloy ◽  
Electric Field Effects ◽  
Field Effects

Alignment of carbon nanotubes under the influences of nematic liquid crystals and electric fields — an analytical study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Setia Budi Sumandra ◽  
Bhisma Mahendra ◽  
Fahrudin Nugroho ◽  
Yusril Yusuf
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Free Energy ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Free Energy Density ◽  
Diameter Ratio ◽  
Order Parameters ◽  
Anchoring Strength ◽  
Length To Diameter Ratio

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have benefits in various fields, they are disadvantageous due to their tendency to form aggregates and poorly controlled alignment of the CNT molecules (characterized by order parameters). These deficiencies can be overcome by dispersing the CNTs in nematic liquid crystal (LC) and placing the mixture under the influence of an electric field. In this study, Doi and Landau–de Gennes free energy density equations are used to analytically confirm that an electric field increases the order parameters of CNTs and LCs in a dispersion mixture. The anchoring strength of the nematic LC is also found to affect the order parameters of the CNTs and LC. Further, increasing the length-to-diameter ratio of the CNTs increases their alignment without affecting the LC alignment. These findings indicate that CNT molecular alignment can be controlled by adjusting the CNT length-to-diameter ratio, anchoring the LCs, and adjusting the electric field strength.

scholarly journals Bidirectional rotation control of a carbon fiber in nematic liquid crystal using AC electric field

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun-Yong Lee ◽  
Jeong-Seon Yu ◽  
Jong-Hyun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Liquid Crystal ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Colloidal Particles ◽  
Colloidal System ◽  
Wide Angle ◽  
Local Minima ◽  
Free Energies ◽  
Rotation Direction ◽  
Ac Electric Field

Abstract Colloidal particles dispersed in nematic liquid crystals are aligned along the orientation that minimizes the elastic free energy. Through applying an electric field to a nematic colloidal system, the orientation of the director can change. Consequently, colloidal particles realign to minimize the total free energy, which is the sum of the elastic and electric free energies. Herein, we demonstrate that if the preferred rotation directions given by the electric and elastic free energies are different during realignment, the rotation direction of the particle can be controlled by how we apply the electric field. When the strength of the electric field gradually increases, the particles rotate in the same direction as the rotation of the director. However, when a sufficiently high electric field is suddenly applied, the particles rotate in the opposite direction. In this study, we analyzed the effect of free energy on the bidirectional rotation behavior of the particles using a theoretical model. This study provides an effective approach to control the rotational behavior of colloidal particles over a wide-angle range between two orientational local minima.

Micro-Morphology of Crystal Separated from Glass by the Heat-Treatment with an Electric Field

2007 ◽  
Vol 280-283 ◽  
pp. 1647-1650
Author(s):  
Guoliang Wang ◽  
Kai Ming Liang ◽  
Wei Liu ◽  
An Min Hu ◽  
Feng Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Free Energy ◽  
Phase Separation ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Borosilicate Glass ◽  
Free Energy Change ◽  
Silver Particles ◽  
Micro Morphology ◽  
Calculation Analysis

By means of SEM, the micro-morphology of silver particles separated from borosilicate glass by the heat-treatment with an electric field is investigated. The distribution of the silver particles appears clusters. This result is explained by an energy viewpoint. Based on hermodynamics theory of phase separation, the calculation of the free energy change during the heat-treatment in an electric field is performed by means of the Ansoft Maxwell software. The results of this calculation analysis are found to be very close to the experimental data.

Observation of a.c. Josephson effect in gate tunable Josephson junction on topological insulator (Bi0.2Sb0.8)2 Te3 films

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuusuke Takeshige ◽  
Sadashige Matsuo ◽  
Russell Stewart Deacon ◽  
Kento Ueda ◽  
Yosuke Sato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Josephson Junction ◽  
Topological Insulator ◽  
Josephson Effect
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