scholarly journals Misconceptions, conceptual pluralism, and conceptual toolkits: bringing the philosophy of science to the teaching of evolution

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. C. Reydon
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Science Teachers ◽  
Actual State ◽  
Change Model ◽  
Science Students ◽  
Philosophical Work ◽  
Scientific Content ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Conceptual Change Model ◽  
Conceptual Pluralism

AbstractThis paper explores how work in the philosophy of science can be used when teaching scientific content to science students and when training future science teachers. I examine the debate on the concept of fitness in biology and in the philosophy of biology to show how conceptual pluralism constitutes a problem for the conceptual change model, and how philosophical work on conceptual clarification can be used to address that problem. The case of fitness exemplifies how the philosophy of science offers tools to resolve teaching difficulties and make the teaching of scientific concepts more adequate to the actual state of affairs in science.

WAYS TO IMPROVE INTERNAL AUDIT OF PAYMENTS TO EMPLOYEES

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Ivanova ◽  
◽  
Svitlana Mykhailovyna ◽  
Olena Matros ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Internal Audit ◽  
Employee Benefits ◽  
Actual State ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Employee Benefit ◽  
Productivity Indicators ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Practical Recommendations

There is no doubt that the issues of improving the methodological foundations of internal audit of payments to employees in the context of increased competition in all areas of business, the introduction of modern information technologies in the accounting process are relevant. Salaries are not only a source that ensures the life of employees, but their growth affects the increase in labor productivity and profit of the enterprise. Internal audit allows to ensure high-quality accounting of payments to employees, which is important in determining labor productivity indicators and ways to improve it. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the theoretical and methodological basis with the development of practical recommendations for improving the methodology of internal audit of employee benefits in order to improve the detailed audit content. It has been established that in order to ensure the correct and high-quality organization of internal audit, it is advisable to provide for the establishment of the internal audit service as a separate subdivision, providing the necessary number of accountants and auditors in the staff. The methodology of the internal audit of payroll has been improved in order to provide a detailed explanation of the content of the audit. The main objects of the internal audit of employee benefit calculations have been singled out. The sequence of the employee benefit calculations audit was determined. The internal auditor's working documents were formed: A statement of selective verification of vacation pay accrual and a Statement of violations revealed during the audit of employee benefit calculations. Using new changes and suggestions will allow the company’s internal audit service to cover all aspects of accounting and reporting on employee benefits. Preparation results of the internal audit of payments to employees in the form of proposed working documents will ensure that the results of the audit correspond to the actual state of Affairs at the enterprise and ensure the availability of information during the next audit. Prospects for further research should be carried out in the direction of developing a regulatory framework for internal audit, taking into account industry specifics affecting the economic activity of the enterprise.

Cultivating Reason

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey Siegel
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Social Epistemology ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Epistemic Dependence ◽  
Philosophical Work ◽  
Western Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Educational Ideal

The Western philosophical tradition has historically valorized the cultivation of reason as a fundamental intellectual ideal. This ideal continues to be defended by many as educationally basic. However, recent philosophical work has challenged it on several fronts, including worries stemming from relativistic tendencies in the philosophy of science, the apparent ubiquity of epistemic dependence in social epistemology, and broad critiques of objectionable hegemony launched from feminist and postmodernist perspectives. This chapter briefly reviews the historical record, connects the cultivation of reason to the educational ideal of critical thinking, spells out the latter ideal, and evaluates these challenges. It ends by sketching a general, “transcendental” reply to all such critiques of reason.

Understanding understanding: a model for the public learning of radioactivity

1999 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 267-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Alsop
Keyword(s):  
Informal Learning ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
Public Understanding Of Science ◽  
Public Understanding ◽  
Change Model ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
The Public ◽  
Understanding Of Science ◽  
Conceptual Change Model

While much of the work in the public understanding of science has focused on the public's appreciation of science and their familiarity with key scientific concepts, understanding the processes involved in learning science has largely been ignored. This article documents a study of how particular members of the public learn about radiation and radioactivity, and proposes a model to describe their learning—the Informal Conceptual Change Model [ICCM]. ICCM is a multidimensional framework that incorporates three theoretical dimensions—the cognitive, conative, and affective. The paper documents each of these dimensions, and then illustrates the model by drawing upon data collected in a case study. The emphasis of the analysis is on understanding how the members of the public living in an area with high levels of background radiation learn about the science of this potential health threat. The summarizing comments examine the need for a greater awareness of the complexities of informal learning.

scholarly journals Pre-service Science Teachers’ Integration of Constructivist Ideas in the Lecture Method

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 277-298
Author(s):  
Rose Atieno Mutende ◽  
Rosemary K Imonje ◽  
Winston Akala
Keyword(s):  
Instructional Practices ◽  
Science Teachers ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Teaching Practice ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Learning Material ◽  
Science Students ◽  
University Supervisors ◽  
Lecture Method ◽  
Sub Saharan

The teaching and learning of science subjects at secondary schools in Sub-Saharan Africa is currently dominated by application of the lecture method in delivering learning material. In the Lecture Method, the teacher discusses and shows the learning material. Studies showed that the lecture method can be made interactive, and, hence, more effective if teachers appropriately integrate constructivist ideas in the method. Therefore, this study aims to examine the BEd (Science) students’ integration of constructivist’s learner-oriented instructional practices in the lecture method during teaching practice (TP). Data were collected from 107 BEd(Science) students, their Head of Subjects in the TP schools and the university supervisors at the onset and towards the end of a 14-week TP. The instruments used to collect data were questionnaires and interview schedules. The data were analysed descriptively and inferentially. Descriptive statistics focused on frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviation which summarised the variables in terms of demonstration of instructional practices, supervision and assessment practices. Findings revealed that the BEd(Science) students faced difficulties in their attempt to integrate constructivist ideas in the lecture method. T-test showed a positive effect of teaching practice on the integration of constructivists’ ideas in the lecture method. The study provides several recommendations based on the findings.

scholarly journals Sustainable development in the light of the philosophy of science and ethics

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (01) ◽  
pp. 370-378
Author(s):  
Victor Andreevich Kanke ◽  
Vladimir Korotenko ◽  
V.N. Remarchuk ◽  
Mikhail Viktorovich Kibakin ◽  
Maria Mikhailovna Kryukova
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Development Project ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Scientific Content ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Everyday Language ◽  
Science Philosophy ◽  
Scientific Ethics

The present article provides a substantiation of the need to use the potential of the philosophy of science in designing a sustainable development project. Along with mathematics and informatics, the philosophy of science is viewed as an auxiliary science designed to help clarify the conceptual and methodological nature of scientific theories. New provisions of science philosophy are presented. The proposition that all axiological theories culminate in ethics is proved. It is also substantiated that natural sciences demonstrate ethical relativity. The project, i.e. both the concept and conception (theory) of sustainable development was designed with no consideration of the achievements of science philosophy including scientific ethics. As the project developed its content became not clearer but, on the contrary, more obscured. The project of sustainable development is reevaluated in light of the philosophy of science. It turns out to be nothing more than a paraphrase of the need for the proper development of the ethical relativity of ecology and its place in the system of balanced scientific ethics. The project of sustainable development presents a paraphrase of certain scientific content that has to be properly addressed. Without this, it has no scientific meaning and should be attributed to the field of everyday language. Thus, the time to put the sustainable development project on a scientific track has come.

Strengthening Science Instruction in Bilaran National High School: Input to a Proposed Development Plan

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-32
Author(s):  
Marcelo B. Ularte
Keyword(s):  
Science Teachers ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Science Instruction ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Development Plan ◽  
Science Students ◽  
The Status ◽  
Student’S Performance ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Science Classes

Science teachers are optimistic that every student can learn so much with high hopes and dreams. They plan their lessons and work hard to engage their students. However, despite good intentions and best laid plans, not all students perform well in Science classes. Student’s performance is very alarming on the part of the teachers. Students are unable to understand scientific issues that affect their lives in today’s fast changing world. Several studies in the past reflected that Science lessons were recorded as of low quality. (American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1989). Many Science students sit passively, never being asked to make sense of the content that teachers deliver. There are many concepts and activities in Science that students ignore and fail to develop. With the Enhanced Basic Education Curriculum or the K12 curriculum, students record in periodical tests and in the National Achievement Test and National Career Assessment Test are very low and elicited poor performance. Relative to this, Bilaran Science Teachers are alarmed with the situation. Improved performance of students must be worked hand in hand by Science Teachers. Intervention programs in classes must be applied too in daily teaching engagement, thus, there is a need to strengthen the Science instruction. This study primarily focuses on the status of Science instruction and to propose a development plan in Science.

The Influence of the United States Congress on Canadian-American Relations

1974 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 903-929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter C. Dobell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
Actual State ◽  
United States Congress ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Congressional Action

Traditionally relations between nations, including Canada and the United States, have been analyzed in terms of the interaction between the executive branches of the two governments. This approach used to reflect relatively accurately the actual state of affairs. It is still broadly consistent with the constitutional allocation of powers, particularly in Canada. While the president of the United States must seek congressional action in order to declare war and Senate action to ratify treaties and to confirm ambassadorial appointments, these powers in Canada fall within the prerogatives of the crown, and constitutionally no parliamentary approval for decisions by the executive branch in any of these areas is required.

scholarly journals The transmission of electric waves round the Earth

1919 ◽  
Vol 95 (673) ◽  
pp. 546-563 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Computation ◽  
Magnetic Force ◽  
Complete Solution ◽  
Angular Distance ◽  
Actual State ◽  
Absolute Value ◽  
Conducting Sphere ◽  
The Earth ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Electric Waves

On the hypothesis that the Earth consists of an imperfectly conducting sphere surrounded by infinite homogeneous dielectric, I have recently obtained a complete solution (in a form adapted for numerical computation) of the problem of determining the effect at a distant point of the Earth’s surface due to a Hertzian oscillator emitting waves of a definite frequency. Previous investigators had obtained approximations (some of which were incorrect) to the dominant terms of the series which represents the effect due to the Earth, but the earlier approximations cease to be valid in the neighbourhood of the antipodes of the transmitter. On this hypothesis the absolute value of the Hertzian function (with the time-factor suppressed) is roughly proportional to (sin θ ) -½ exp (- 23⋅94 λ -⅓ θ ), where λ is the wavelength measured in kilometres, θ and is the angular distance from the transmitter. When θ is nearly equal to π, the factor (sin θ ) -½ has to be suppressed. This formula does not agree with results obtained experimentally. The numerical factor 23⋅94 is much too large, so that, as θ increases, the magnetic force decays much less rapidly than the theory indicates; and it has also been suggested on experimental grounds that the actual state of affairs is represented much more closely when the factor λ -⅓ is replaced by the factor λ -½ .

Authors and Publishers: An Analysis of Textbook Selection in Canadian Departments of Political Science and Sociology

1976 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Redekop
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
Postsecondary Education ◽  
Actual State ◽  
Concomitant Increase ◽  
French Canada ◽  
Canadian Education ◽  
Canadian Culture ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Educational Pursuits ◽  
Substantial Degree

In recent years numerous critics, generally those with strong nationalist inclinations, have attempted to demonstrate that Canadians are no longer autonomous in cultural and educational pursuits. Whether or not such autonomy ever existed to any substantial degree, especially for non-French Canada, might itself be disputed. Indeed, a good case can be put forward for the proposition that the gradual diminution of British practices, norms, and expertise in many facets of Canadian education, if not in Canadian culture generally, was accompanied by a concomitant increase in American practices, publications, and personnel rather than by any emerging period of distinctly Canadian expression. That most of the substantial Americanization in postsecondary education and many other areas was occasioned by Canadian invitation tends, however, to be widely ignored. Be that as it may, most critics now prefer to focus on the actual state of affairs and the continuing trends rather than on historical causes.

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